Substantive

The Substantive

§ 1.

Old Persic language was called, by its speakers, pārsa ‘Persic’ and airya ‘Aryan’ (cf. DB par.70) and the language cognate with it and the literature belonging to centuries later was called pārsīg (cf. HKR 50). Pārsīg —usually known as Pahlavi— has been a lingua-franca within the Perso-Aryan world until the fall of the Aryan kingdom (= Ērānšahr) in the seventh century A. D..

Old Persic language has six cases, nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive-dative, instrumental- ablative, and locative. The inscriptions from Artaxerxes on indicate new phonetic and morphological peculiarities.

After that, the Persic is subject to the collapse of the inflectional system and the simplification of grammatical distinctions and categories such as gender, case and number. The inscriptions of the Sasanian times are written in what is clearly a Pārsīg stage of the language; however, we find a few archaisms in them, and even in the early Manichaean texts and the Pārsīg Psalter. Between these two stages, old and new, a quite different stage of language with its own “grammar” existed for a number of centuries: the Middle Persic stage.

The Pārsīg noun and pronoun evolved into a two-number and no-case system: there are two numbers, singular and plural, the dual number of the Old Persic has entirely disappeared; the cases of the nouns are not expressed by any endings, the Middle Persic two cases, direct and oblique, have been almost completely abolished. There is no distinction of genders. There remain, however, quite numerous traces of the older variation in a few Pārsīg substantives on account of gender. Appropriate words or suffixes can be added to indicate the gender of some words, especially of proper names.

§ 2.

The Pārsīg evolved from Old Persic through generalization of a- and ā-stems and the loss of unaccented post-tonic case endings. In its early stage, a two-case structure appeared (casus rectus and casus obliquus). We give the following paradigm for Pers. X (Pārsīg noun “stem”):

Post-OPers.	Mid.-Pers.	Pers.
Xa nom. sg. < *-ah	X direct, singular	X
Xahyā gen. sg. < -ahi̯a*	Xeh/ Xē oblique, singular	X
Xā nom. pl. < -āhah*	X direct, plural	X
Xānām gen. pl. < -ānām*	Xān oblique, plural	Xān

This paradigm does not reflect the real change of the Pārsīg nominal morphology. Case-relations may be circumscribed by means of prepositions and or postpositions, or through the syntactical position in a sentence.

If the plurality of a noun is “clear”, it does not take any termination. To emphasize the plurality or to clarify a substantive phrase, the ending °ān < *-ānaam is attached to a noun, and sometimes in the later writings the ending °īhā < *-i̯aθu̯āda is used –this later ending is never used as modifying noun.

When a word goes back to the nominative and or accusative case.

asp ‘horse’ < *aspa- (OPers. asa- m., Median aspa-, Av. aspa- m. ‘horse’, aspā- f. ‘mare’):

asp < Mid. Pers. *asp direct (older: nominative case), singular < *aspah nom. sg. m., *aspā f. (Av. aspō, aspas° nom. sg. m., aspǝm/ OPers. asam acc. sg. m., aspa/ aspā* nom. sg. f.);

asp < Mid. Pers. *asp direct, plural < *aspā nom. pl. m.,

*aspāh f. (Av. aspa/ aspåŋhō nom. pl. m., aspå f.) ;

asp < Mid. Pers. aspeh/ aspē oblique (older: a case older than the nominative), singular < *aspahyā gen.(- dative) sg. m., *aspāyāh f. (Av. aspahe gen. sg. m., aspayå f.);

aspān < Mid. Pers. *aspān oblique, plural < *aspānām gen. pl. m.-f. (Av. aspanąm gen. pl. m.-f.).

asp ud astar ud uštar tazag ud stōr ī byaspānīg. HKR 99
asp ud mard ī šāhān šāh rasīd. KSM 17
panzum pahlumīh vasīh ud abzārīh ī asp ud mard ud zēnabzār ud pediš vānīdārīh ī dušmen. Dk iii, M367
aspān az fradum asp. Dk iv, M 420

With the “indefinite article” ē (ē/ ēv numeral ‘one’): asp-ē.

abar asp-ē agrā nišīyed. KSM 34

dēn ‘religion; Avesta’ < *dai̯anā- f. (Av. daēnā- f.):

dēn < *dai̯anā nom. sg. (Av. daēna/ G daēnā nom. sg., daēnąm acc. sg.);

dēn < *dai̯anāh (Av. daēnå, daēnåscā nom.-acc. pl.);

dēn <*dai̯anāi̯āh (Av. daēnayå, daēnayåsca gen. sg.);

dēnān < *dai̯anānām.

dēn mazdesn. Dk viii, M 735
veh dēn ī mazdesnān. SS 7
dēn ī Xvarāsān. TM 83 I
dānišn ī dēn ī ast abestāg ud zand. DD 44.2
cōn dēn gōbed kū … Dk iii, M 207
dēn ud xvadāyīh. Dk iv, M 411

Dēnag pr. n. f. < *dai̯anakā-.

On a seal: Dēnag ī bāmbišnān bāmbišn mahist ped-tan šābestān.

Jim proper noun < *i̯ama- m. (Av. yima- m.),

Jimī < *i̯amī- f. or also Jimag (cf. Elam. ya-ma-ak-ka < *i̯ama-ka-).

Jim ī šēd ī huramag. SS 15
az Vīvanghan mard ud zan zād <hend> Jim ud Jimī. J 4

mard or mird ‘man, human being’ < *martii̯a- (OPers. martiya- m., Av. maṣya- m.):

mard < *mard direct, singular < *martiyah nom. sg. (OPers. martiyah nom. sg., martiyam acc. sg., Av. maṣyō nom. sg., maṣīm acc. sg.);

mard < *mard direct, plural < *martiyā nom. pl. (OPers. martiyā nom. pl., Av. maṣya/ G maṣyā, maṣyåŋhō nom. pl.);

mard < *mardē oblique, singular < *martii̯ahi̯ā gen. sg. (OPers. martiyahyā, Av. maṣyehe);

mardān < *mardān oblique, plural < *martiyānām gen. pl. (OPers. martiyānām, Av. maṣyānąm).

ped asp ud mard ‘with horses and men’,
(Parth.) pad aspān ud mardān. N P 23
mard ud rēdak ēcand ō Sagestān āmad hend. ASS
ped pādixšāyī ī man mird ceōn tō vas ast. TM 2 I
abar dādestān ī mirdān pusar. TM 475
guft kū: anōšag baved Šābuhr ī Ardašērān ī mardān pahlum! KAP 13.13

With the “indefinite article”: mard-ē.
mard-ē ī meyānag-vagdān. F 4.1

nām ‘name; renown, fame’ < *nāman- nt. (OPers. nāman-, Av. nāman-/ nąman- nt.):

nām < *nām direct, singular (OPers. nāma/ nāmā, Av. nąma nom.-acc. sg.);

nām (Av. nāmǝni/ G nāmǝnī, nāmąn nom.-acc. pl.);

nām < *nāmān < *-an-h gen. sg.;

nāmān (Av. G nāmanąm gen. pl.).

ped nām ī yazd(ān) in the beginning of a text.
ēk Ādurmihr nām būd. Dk vi, M 569
guft kū Bagard nām hum, vimandbān ī Xvarāsān. TM 2 I
jahišnayyārīh nām ī nēk ud hufrazāmīh ī kār. AV 128

nāmān is found in compounds:

judnāmān (ŠGV 8.98),
pēdāgnāmān (VZ 3.55).

pand ‘path; counsel, advice’ < *pantā-,

pandān (Av. paṇtā-, paθ- m., OPers. paθi- f., Av. paṇtå nom. sg., paṇtąm acc. sg., paθō gen. sg., paθąm gen. pl.).

ped pand ī yazdān ud pāyēs ī amāh ēstend. N P 21
yazdān pand grift hem. TM 49 II
rāh ud pand. ŠGV 11.84
(Parth.) rāh ud pandān. TM 801a
ped pandān īg rāst pahrēzām. TM 6005

šahr/ šār ‘kingdom, royal power; country, land; principality’ < *xšaθra- nt. (OPers. xšaça- nt., Av. xšaθra- nt.):

šahr < *šahr direct, singular < *xšaθram nom.-acc. sg. (OPers. xšaçam, Av. xšaθrǝm);

šahr < *šahr direct, plural < *xšaθrā nom.-acc. pl.;

šahr < šahrē oblique, singular < *xšaθrahyā gen. sg. (Av. xšaθrahe/ G xšaθrahyā);

šahrān < *šahrān oblique, plural < *xšaθrānām gen. pl.;

šahrīhā pl.

Hindūgān šahr vazurg; ast ī sard, ud ast ī garm; ast ī tarr, ud ast ī hušk; ast kū dār ud draxt, ud ast kū dašt ī saxt, ud ast kū viyābān. J 8
tabangōg az man karend dārūgdān vasnād, šahr ō šahr barend, bizešk ō bizešk. DA 17 (20-21)
mard ī šahr (opp. bannag). Dk viii, M 708
dēn ī man ād kū ped harv šahr ud ped visp ezvān pēdāg bavād, ud ped šahrān dūrān kēšīhād. TM 5794 I
ō šahrīhā āyādgār kirdan framūd. Dk iv, M 412

When a word goes back not to the old nominative case, but to the old accusative case.

āb ‘water’ < *ap- f. (OPers. ap-, Av. ap- f.):

āb, ābān (OPers. āpišim nom. sg. from āpiš and šim, Av. āfš nom. sg., āpǝm, apǝm-ca acc. sg., āpō, apō/ apas-ca gen. sg., āpō nom. pl., apō/ apas-cā acc. pl., apąm gen. pl.).

āb ī veh renders Av. vaŋvhī ap.
nān ud āb. Dk iii, M 368
pedīrag ī āb. Bd 113
āb ātaš zamīg ud vād. ŠGV 6.17
zamīg kadag ī āb ud āb peyrāyag ī varz. Dk vi, M 567
cašmag ī ābān. VZ 30.59
īzišn ī ābān. Dk viii, M 736

asmān ‘sky’ < *asman- (OPers. asman-, Av. asman- m. ‘sky, heaven; stone’):

asmān, asmānān (Av. asma nom. sg., asmanǝm acc. sg., OPers. asmānam acc. sg., Skt. aśmanaḥ gen. sg., aśmānaḥ nom.- acc. pl., aśmanām gen. pl.).

andar zamīg ud asmān. Petit 8.8
asmān az gōhr ī xvēnāhan. MX 9.7
gyāg ī vahišt veh, ud šahr ī mēnōg huramdar, ud deh ī asmān rōšndar, mān rōšn ī garōdmān <nēktar>, ud varz ī kirbag meh, umēd ī tan ī pasēn kē viderišn nēst. CHP 39
hambadiz asmānān abar tār zamīg nirāmišn cahār, hōšāgēn ud tārēn, ādurēn ud ābēn, yak abar dudī nizīd ud nirāft. TM 98 I

juvān ‘young, a youth’ < *i̯uu̯an- m. (Av. yuvan-, yūn- m.):

juvān, juvānān (Av. yuva nom. sg., yuvānǝm acc. sg., yūnō gen. sg., yūnąm gen. pl.).

cōn az hān ī sīzumand ī bīmumand ī vas-anāgīh oxān, ō ēn ī asīz oxān ī apedyārag mad hē juvān ī humenišn ī hugōbišn ī hukunišn ī hudēn? MX 2.149
zan juvān ped zanīh gīr! HAM 111
frēstagān juvānān ēstend, srōd srāyend, ruvān būzend. TM 486

kirb ‘form, body; flesh’ < *kṛp- f. (Av. kǝhrp- f.):

kirb, kirbān (Av. kǝrǝfš nom. sg., kǝhrpǝm/ G kǝhrpə̄ m acc. sg., kǝhrpō/ kǝhrpahe gen. sg., kǝhrpas-ca nom. pl., kǝhrpąm gen. pl.).

kirb ī hān mard. Dk ix, M 790
nēk ēd ī tō kirb u-t az kirbān nivēyēnišn dahem ohrmazd [kū: andar gēhān ōh gōbem kū kirb ēd ī tō nēktar] ēn [×rōšn] ō ān ī rōšnīh ī bālist [az hān ī ped cašm pēdāg] bālēnānd ānōh kū hān ī xvaršēd guft. Y 36.6
cihrag ud kirb ud gyān ud vaxš ud xrad ud xēm ud šarm ud mihr ud hunar ud nērōg ud vehīh ud abārīg. Dk iii, M 74
dvāzdah kirbān ud daxšagān. VZ 30.49

nar ‘man, hero’ < *nar-, nar/ nēr ‘manly, male’ < *narii̯a- (Av. nar- m., nairya- adj.):

nar, narān (Av. nā nom. sg., narǝm/ G narə̄ m acc. sg., narš/ G narǝš gen. sg., narō, naras-ca nom. pl., nǝrə̄š/ nǝrąš acc. pl., narąm gen. pl.).

nar ud nārīg. Y 35.6
nar ī ahlav. NM 1.4.3
tōhm ī narān. Bd 110
narān ud māyagān kē az asmān ō zamīg kaft hend. TM 7984 I
ašmāh nēkzīvišn ud dagrzīvišn bed abāg narān ud nārīgān ud puszādān ī xvēš abzāyād! ĀfM 2

ruvān ‘soul’ < *ruu̯an- m. (Av. urvan- m.):

ruvān, ruvānān (Av. urva/ G urvā nom. sg., urvānǝm/ urvąnǝm acc. sg., urunō gen. sg., urvąnō/ urvānō nom. pl., urunō, urunas-ca acc. pl., ).

gyān andar tan, ruvān bērōn. VZ 30.32
ruvān zīndagīh az xōg ī frārōn. Dk vi, M 525
xvēš ruvān rāy vas ranz ud āvām dīd. KNRm 34
ruvānān puhl bōxtār. NS 4
abar ruvānān ī duškirdagānān. TM 470

uzvān or ezvān ‘tongue; language’ < *hizu̯ām (Av. hizū- m., hizvā- f., hizvąm acc. sg.) or rather *hizu̯ānam (OPers. hizbān- ‘tongue’, hizbānam acc. sg.).

pādan uzvān veh. HOD 44
uzvān pānag xrad. VAM 58
dēn ī ahēnagān ped yak šahr ud yak ezvān būd. TM 5794 I

vis or vīs ‘settlement, village; royal house; clan’ < *u̯īsam (OPers. viθ- f. ‘royal house’, Av. vīs- f. ‘settlement’):

vīs, vīsān, vīs vīs ‘in each single village’ (Av. vīš nom. sg., vīsǝm acc. sg., OPers. viθam acc. sg., Av. vīsō, visas-ca gen. sg., vīsō acc. pl., vīsąm gen. pl.).

vīs ī fšah. Dk viii, M 727
mān ud vīs ud zand ud deh. Dk ix, M 810
ped kišvar ud gāh ud pādgōs ud mān ud vis ud zand ud deh ud vimand ud pāhr ud dar, āstānag rāstvān ud vizihrag ud perisp, ud girdasmān ēv … TM 7984 II
nmāne nmāne vīsi vīsi: mān mān vīs vīs [xānag xānag, dastgird dastgird]. Vd 5.10

When two stem nouns exist side by side for the same word, one may go back to the old nominative case, and the other to the accusative case.

ātaš/ ātaxš ‘fire’ < *ātṛ-š,

ādar/ ādur ‘fire’ < *ātṛ-m:

ādur, ādurān, ātaš, ātašān (Av. ātarš nom. sg., ātrǝm/ G ātrə̄ m acc. sg., āθrō, āθras-ca gen. sg., āθrō acc. pl., āθrąm gen. pl., Parth. āδar, āδarīn, āδarūn).

ēn and ādur ud kirdagān. KKZ 2
ādur-ē Husrav-šābuhr nām: āδar ēv Husravšābuhr nām. 24 ud amāh imēšān ādurān dād, hān framāyem kū ēv kirīyed. ŠKZ 22
mihryazd az ham pārāyišn peymōg sē, ī vād āb ud ādur, peymuxt. TM 98 I
āb ud ātaš ud gil ud vād. ŠGV 4.18
Mihr ud Srōš ud Rašn ud ābān ud ādurān ud ātašān. J 16
harv rōz si bār andar mān ī ātašān šaved, ud ātaš niyāyišn kuned! CHP 45

nab ‘grandson, grandchild’ < *napāh,

nabād ‘id.’, naft ‘grandson; kindred’ < *naptah, napti̯a- adj., naftī ‘grand-daughter’ < *naptī- f. (Av. napāt-/ napt- m., naptī- f., OPers. napāt-):

nab/ nabag, nabē, nabān, nabād, naft, naftī/ nabagī, naftiyān (Av. napå nom. sg., OPers. napā nom. sg., Av. napātǝm acc. sg., naptō gen. sg., napti nom. sg. f.).

nab bay Pābag šāh: puhrēbuhr baγ Pābag šāh. Š H
zan ud frazend, nabān ud naftiyān. Dk viii, M 718
nabān ud naftiyān ī Tūrān. Dk vii, M 652
nabag az niyāg [kū: nabērag] ud nabagī [kū: nabēragī] az niyāgī. Vd 12.9

When two stem nouns exist side by side for the same word, one may go back to the old nominative and or accusative case, and the other to the genitive case.

farr ‘fortune, glory’ < *farnah,

farrah/ xvarrah ‘id.’ < *farnahah/ *xvarnahah, duš-farr ‘evil-destined, δύστυχος’ (Av. dušxvarǝnah):

farr, farrag, farrah, xvarrah, farrahān (OPers. °farnah-, Av. xvarǝnah- nt., xvarǝnō nom.-acc., xvarǝnaŋhō gen. sg., Parth. farn, Paz. xvarǝhǝ).

dēn ud dahyubed xvarrah. Dk iii, M 108
xvarrah ī dēn ī māzdesnān. Bd 193
ābān xvarrah ī ast Anāhīd yazd. Bd 220
farrah āyād az bay Zurvān šāh. TM 31 I
farrahān, vāxšān. TM 36
vāxš yōždahr abāg farrahān ud frēstagān abzārān. TM 801a
marak dušfarr xēšmkird Aleksander.
xvarāsān xvarrah (Arab. خره خراسان). Dk viii, M 679

urvāhm ‘joyful, pleasant, blissful’, s. ‘joy, bliss’ < *ṛu̯ās/zma,

urvāhman ‘id.’ < *ṛu̯āsmanah (Av. urvāsman-/ G urvāzǝman- nt.),

urvāhmīh/ urvāhmanīh ‘joy, bliss’, urvāhmīgar ‘joy-giving’.

vas muvmard urvāhm ud pedīx būd. KNRm 12
frazaft ped vazurg urvāhm. Dk iv, M 946
ēk urvāhm-oxīh, cē ped urvāhm ī dahebedān peyvast ēsted abardum-būzišnīh ī āvām. Dk iii, M 134
ud ruvān vazurg urvāhmandum. VZ 30.54
Gennāg Mēnōg nazdist urvāhmanīh az avēšān ēn xvēšēnīd ped hān ī drōgōbišnīh harv do durvand būd hend. Bd 102
bōxtārān vazurgān, frayādāgān nēvān, višāhāgān urvāhmīgarān. TM 801a

§ 3.

As for the kinship nouns direct and oblique cases may be expressed in different forms which may go back to the nominative and accusative cases of the old r-stems.

(We also find some other words in two forms: zōt, zōtar ‘officiating priest, head-priest at an actual sacrifice’ (Av. zaotarm., zaota/ G zaotā nom. s., zaotārǝm acc. sg., zaotarš gen. sg.)).

ㅤ	Singular	Plural
Direct	X < *Xā	Xar/ Xār < *Xar-ah, Xār-ah
Oblique	Xar/ Xār < Xaram/ Xāram	Xarān < X(a)r-ām*

pid ‘father’ < *pitā,

pidar ‘id.’ < *pitaram,

pidarān ‘the two fathers (= father and mother)’ (cf. ṚV 1.159.2 suretásā pitárā)/ pidarūn pl. (OPers. pitar- m., Av. pitar-/ ptar- m., OPers. pitā nom. s., Av. ptā, pita nom. sg., pitarǝm/ G patarə̄ m acc. sg., OPers. piça gen. s., Av. patarō nom. pl., Osset. I fyd, D fidæ, Bal. pit).

andar pidar ud mādar ī xvēš tarsagāh ud niyūšīdār ud framānburdār bāš! cē mard dā pid ud mād zīndag ōn humānāg cōn šagr ka andar vēšag az kas-iz kas nē tarsed, ud ōy kē pid ud mād nēst ōn humānāg cōn zan ī vīvag kē tis-iz aziš bē stānend u-š tis-iz kirdan nē tuvān ud harv kas ped xvār dāred. HAM 90
marv ī spēd bōy ēdōn cōn bōy ī pidarān. HKR 81
ped zōr ī pidar, ped āfrīn ī mādar, ud ped vehī ī pusar. TM 17
ka āmād [hem] pidarūn ī ašmāh, u-šān ezmūd, u- šān dīd kunišn [ī] man. Ps 95.9

mād ‘mother’ < *mātā,

mādar ‘id.’ < *mātaram,

mādarān (OPers. °mātar-, Av. mātar- f., māta nom. sg., mātarǝm acc. sg., mātarō nom.- voc. pl., mātǝrąš-cā acc. pl., Pašt. mor).

pid ud mād frazend ī xvēš rāy ēn and kār ud kirbag pēš az pānzdah sāl(ag) bē hamuxtan abāyed, ud ka-š ēn and bē hamuxt, harv kār ud kirbag ī frazend kuned, pidar ud mādar ōh baved; ud ka-š nē hamōzed, frazend ī ped mahādarīh vināh kuned pidar ud mādar ō bun baved. CHP 34
u-mān sar ud sarhang ī nēv, pid ī frihrōd, u-mān mād ī dōšārmēgar. TM 729 I
mānāg hē ped zīrī ō mādar ī zīndagān, dōšist īg vispān yazdān, kē-š aziš uzīd visp āfrāh ī kirbag. TIB 4974
bē-m narm kird grīv cōn axšīrag abar mādar, u-m cōn axšīrag abar būd xvēš grīv. Ps 130.2
marv ī ardašērān bōy ēdōn cōn bōy ī mādarān. HKR 80

brād ‘brother’ < *brātā,

brādar ‘id.’ < *brātaram,

brādarān, brādarīn ‘brothers, brothers and sisters’ (OPers. brātar-, Av. brātar- m., OPers. brātā, Av. brāta/ G brātā nom. sg., brātarǝm acc. sg., brāθrō gen. sg., Bactr. βραδο ‘brother’, βραδαρο, βραδανο, βραδαρανο pl.).

keh brād meh brādar zaned, u-š xvāstag aziš bē stāned. J 16
cōn brād abāg brādarān ‘like a brother with (his) brothers’. VZ 30.60
tū hē brād ī friyistum. TM 28 II
brād-ē husravīh veh. H I 3
az dādestān pus ud dādestān brād ī cakar zād ēsted. MHD 28
abāg pusān ud brādarān. AZ 1
pedisā-m brādarīn u-m dōstān, gōbān: tō rāy drūd! Ps 121.8

xvah ‘sister’ < *hu̯ahā,

xvahār/ xvār < *hu̯ahāram (Av. xvaŋhar- f., Sogd. xvār, Yaγ. xvār, Parth. vxār, Bal. gvahār, Pašt. xor, Pers.خواهر ),

xvahān, xvārīn/ Parth. vxārīn < *hu̯ahrīnām (Av. xvaŋha nom. sg., xvaŋharǝm acc. sg., Paz. xvāharą).

pid ud duxt, ud pus ud burdār, ud brād ud xvah. Dk iii, M 73
nūn bē āy dā bē <ō> nazdīg ī hufrīh šavem, tō xvah ud man zan, u-š hagriz drōv nē guft ud nē gōbed, ud ped gōbišn ī ōy bē ēstem ! MJF 3
u-šān ō xvār ī xvēš, cōn zan ī ardašēr būd, nāmag nibišt. KAP 10.1
ašmāh brādarān dōšistān xvārīn duxšān ud yōždahrān niyūšāgān huruvānān. TBBB 257-260
vispān niyūšāgān, brādarān ud vxārīn. TM 801a
ōy virāz rāy haft xvah būd ud avēšān harv haft xvahān virāz cōn zan būd hend. AVN 2.1

duxt ‘daughter’ < *duxtā,

duxtar ‘id.’ < *duxtar-am,

duxtarān (Av. duγδar-/ G dugǝdar- f., duγδa/ G dugǝdā nom. s., duγδarǝm acc. sg., duγδrąm/ dugǝdrąm gen. pl., Bal. dutag, duxtar, Pašt. lūr),

duxtag ‘daughter, girly’

duxt-ē kē šūy xvad kuned. F 2.6
u-šān margīh ēdōn xvaš sahed cōn pid ud mād vēnišn ī frazend, ud mād duxtar ped kābēn bē baved. ud duxtar kē-š aziš zāyed ped vahāg bē frōšed. ud pus pidar ud mādar zaned, u-š andar zīndagīh az kadagxvadāyīh jud kuned. ud keh brād meh brādar zaned, (u-š xvāstag aziš bē stāned); u-š xvāstag rāy zūr ud anast abar gōbed, ud zan šūy ī xvēš ped margarzān bē dahed. J 16
ud šābuhrduxtag ī mēšān šāh duxt, ud ohrmazdduxtag ī sagān [šāh duxt, ruvān ākbrīd-ē,] nān grīv-ē must panz, may pās cahār. ŠKZ 27
pas hān-z zan ī kenīzag ī vayūg mād handēšīd kē : ēn zan kē-š yak pus ast u-š ēn harv virāyišn kird, ud man-z yak duxt ast. nūn harv ce ēn zan kird ud virāst, man-z hāmgōnag niyābag kirdan. TM 45
ēn astōdān hān ī vahišt bahr ābāngyān ī duxt ī farroxgyān. The funerary inscription of Meydānak (Kāzerūn I)
dvāzdahān naxvrēg duxtarān ī zurvān. ŠGV 16.31

duxš ‘maiden, virgin; princess’ (Elam. du-uk-ši-iš < OPers. duxçī- f. ‘daughter; princess’, Bactr. δοχþο-λογδο ‘princess’),

duxšān, dušīzag ‘maiden, virgin; miss ’ < *duxçii̯acaka-.

rōdduxt duxš ī anōšag duxt, ud varāzduxt ī xvarrānzēm duxt, (ud) staxriyād bāmbišn. ŠKZ 26
dibīrān nēvān, bayān zādagān, mirdān tahmān, frēstagān ī vāxš. duxšān pākān, kē kunend ud hanzāmēnd kāmišn ī xvēš bōxtār … TM 36

pus ‘son’ < OPers. puça-,

pusar < Av. *puθra- (pus-ar could also be formed in imitation of duxt-ar, pid-ar):

pus < *puçah (OPers. puça- m., Av. puθra-, OPers. puça nom. sg., puçā nom. pl., Av. puθrō, puθras-ca nom. sg., puθrǝm acc. sg., puθrahe gen. sg., puθra, puθråŋhō nom. pl., Parth. puhr),

pusag ‘son’.

hamāgzōr pus ī vāspuhr ī šāhān farroxdum ī dāmān pahlum ī andar gēhān abāyišnīgdum. SS 10
ped ēn cahār tis bāstān mard āšōbed: pus ud zan ud hašāgird ud ayyār ī vad. HOD 34
humānāg pid ud pus kē-šān harv ēk dušmen-ē ast, griftār dārend, ka ō ham rasend, hān dušmen ī abāg pidar ō pusar zaned, nē šāyed guftan kū pid ō pusar ī xvēš zanišn kird. MGA 1
pus do duxt do ō dād ī pānzdah sāl rasīd hend. Purs. EA 1
pus ka si bār bē ō pid gōbed kū: pusarīh ī tō nē kunem, margarzān. pid ka si bār bē ō pusar gōbed kū : nē man pus hē, margarzān, u-š pidarīh aziš appār. RP 34c.5-6
duxtag ud pusag. MHD 105

It seems that the oblique termination -ar(ān) for pus does not go back to Mid. Pers. In older texts we find the correct forms pus, pusān.

ēn āyādgār ī zarērān xvānēnd, ped hān gāh nibišt ka vištāsp-šāh abāg pusān ud brādarān, vāspuhragān ud hamharzān ī xvēš ēn dēn ī abēzag ī māzdēsnān az ohrmazd pedīrift. AZ 1

§ 4.

Some traces of i-stem and u-stem exist.

dušmen ‘enemy, foe, hostile’ < *dušmani̯u-,

dušmenūn < * dušmani̯ūnām (Av. dušmańyu- adj., dušmańyuš nom. sg. m.-f., dušmańyum acc. sg. m.-f., dušmańyunąm gen. pl.),

also dušmenān (Parth. dušmanīn).

kē dōst dušmen nē šnāsed. HOD 40
hān ī dušmen dōst kirdan. Dk vi, M 546
mānāg ō diz kē pedrafend, kē dušmenūn adēn nē vinded. pas dušmenūn espaxr virāst, srōd ud nivāg ī vas. avīn ī andar diz ō dīdišn ruzdist. dušmenūn az pas abar sad ud diz grift. TM 2 I
kē marg zad ud dušmenūn vānist. TM 801a
avēšān pusarān ud brādarān ud vāspuhragān andar ān diz framāyem kirdan ud nišastan, šāyed kū ō dast ī dušmenān nē rasēnd. AZ 62
ud dušmanīn padsaxv dāδan. N P 85

fravard/ fravahr/ fravaš ‘(pre-existent) soul; ether’ < *fra-u̯arti-,

fravardīn name of a day/ a month < *frau̯artīnām,

fravahrān (OPers. fravarti- pr. n., fravartiš nom. sg., fravartim acc. sg., fravartaiš gen. sg. m., Av. fravaṣi- f., fravaṣīš acc. sg., fravaṣinąm gen. pl.).

ēdōn-z vīr, uš, xrad ud dānišn, bōy, fravahr, ī hend ruvān abzārān. ŠGV 1.8
fravahr ud bōy ud ox ud uš ud xrad. Dk iv, M 415
az pas fravahr vād, ud az pas vād rōšn, ud az pas rōšn āb, ud az pas āb ādur āfur. TM 7980 I
fravardīn rōz sōgand mā xvar, ud hān rōz yazišn fravahr ī ahlavān kun dā hušnūttar bē bavānd. HAM 137
māh ī fravardīn. Bd 114
fravardīn māh. Dk vi, M 539
fravardīn rōz xvad rōzgār ī ahlavān fravahr ud hanzaman-z ud yazišn ud sūr ud mīzd ud āfrīnagān ped azbāyišn fravahrān ud āyādēnišn pēšēnagān, hunar kirdārīh ī kār ī kirbagīh cand vēš pādixšāy ped āštīh ud hamnērōgīh ī vasān handāxtan ud kirdan ped ēvēn dāštan. MSR 19

frazend ‘offspring, child, son’ < *fra-zanti-,

frazendīn, also frazendān/ frazendūn (Av. frazaiṇti- f., frazaiṇtiš nom. sg., frazaiṇtīm acc. sg.).

niyūšāg nar ī ahlav frazend zāyed kē ērān dārād ud nām xvāhād ud dušmen ōzanād ud dūdag abrōzād! ĀfV
frazend ī nēk. Dk ix, M 790
frazend tanīgzād. HAM 1
mihrnarsē u-š frazendīn āfrīn ēv kuned. MnF
(Parth.) gyānān rōšnān vižīdagīft arγāv frihīft estūnān u-t bām frazendīn. TM 763
saman ī spēd bōy ēdōn cōn bōy ī frazendān. HKR 77
ud vēnāy frazend ō-t frazendūn. Ps 127.6

mog/ muv ‘Magian, priest’ < *magu- (OPers. magu- m., maguš nom. sg., magum acc. sg., Av. moγu°),

mogūn, mogān/ muvān. In Skt. apart from magu- m. we find the thematized maga-.

mog ud dastvar. Dk iii, M 1777
vas ādurān ud mogūn ‘many Fires and Magians’. KSM 16
mogān ud vehān ‘the priests and the laity’. NM I, ii, 13
mogān handarzbed. Y 1.5

zan ‘woman, wife’ < *jani-,

zanīn, also zanān (Av. jaini-/ G jə̄ni- f., jainiš nom. sg., jaininąm gen. pl., Parth. žan, žanīn, Paz. zani).

zan ud rahīg dāštan. Dk vi, M 563
zan ud rahīg dāred. TM 49
ka ō zan xvāstan šaved. Dk ix, M 788
zan-ē kadām veh ? HKR 95
abar hān ī az zanīn vizinišn ud hān ī aziš pahrēzišn. Dk iii, M 62
nāzišn īg zanīn ud srōd ī šādīh. TM 727a
zanān rāy ×rāz nēst. Hd 4
cahār tis rāy mard zyāngardar baved: vas xvārdan ī may, ud varanīg <būdan> ped zanān, ud vas kirdan ī nēvardaxšēr, ud nahcīr <kirdan ī> nē ped peymānīgīh. HOD 33

Substantive

The Substantive

§ 1.

§ 2.

§ 3.

§ 4.

Parts of Speech

Word Formation

Phonology