Conjunctions

 
<Extracted from the Part I, section 6.3, Conjunctions of the book Pārsīg Language (The so-called Pahlavi): Parts of Speech, Word Formation, and Phonology, Sade publication, 2017, written by Raham Asha>
 
 

Conjunctions

 

Copulative

 
ud/ u-enclitic pronoun (u-m, u-t, …, also u-m-it, u-t-iš, u-t-išān, …) [u-m: Paz. aβam] ‘and, as well’ (OPers. utā, Av. uta/ G utā)
vehīh ī pidar ud bām ī vispān yazdān. TM 738            
bannag-it hum āgāh-um kun u-t dānān gugāyīh. Ps 118.125
ud/ u° is also used as an initial marker.
ud cōn sārārān ahrāft hend ēg-išān dēn vihurīd. TM 5794 I         
  u-mān abaxšāyišn ud dōšārm abar kun. TM 28 II            
u-m Ohrmazd šāhān šāh kulāf ud kamar dahed. KKZ 4
ud … ud ‘both … and’
ud az farrah īg tū xvadāvan, ud az farrah īg imēšān harvispān, xvāhem āyaft. TM 801a
ud … ud nē ‘neither… nor’
u-š gōvānd kū xvadāvan, tū yazd ud anōšag hē, ud āz ud āvarzōg nē tarved ud suyag ud tišnag nē bōy, ud dard ud danāh abar nē rased.  TM 475 I
-z ‘and, also, too’. It takes the linking vowel i or u when attached to a word ending in a consonant (except n and r) and a long vowel. See “The enclitic adverb”.
ham adv. ‘alike, also’.
ham … (ud) ham ‘both … and’.                  
xvābarīh ī Ohrmazd ī xvadāy abar dāmān rāy, ham ped vehān ud ham ped vattarān, hamāg nēkīh baxšed. MX 38.4            
ham meh ud ham keh, ham xvadāy ud ham bannag, driyuš mardōm ud āzādmardān, frōttar-z mard ped ōy mān āyend. HVF 29             
ud pas ka ēn harv do, ham hān ī tanīgird ud ham hān ī mēnōgīh, harv do tārīg ud adān … TM 9 II
 

Disjunctive

ayāb ‘or; otherwise’ < * ada-u̯ā-pi (cf. Av. vā, Parth. aγām, Pers. یا ),
vā : … ast gyāg kū ayāb. F 2.4
puszāyišnīh-varzišnīh andar šab bē ped abar rōšnīh ī ātaš ayāb star ayāb māh dā (enyā) nē kunišn.  ŠnŠ 12.7           
ped ēn panz tis mard durvand ayāb dusrav baved … HOD 38           
ayāb cōn abzīngar kē ped xvēš zīrī az gōnag-gōnag abzīn peymōzan kuned. TM 7983 II
ayāb … ayāb ‘either … or’ (cf. Av. vā … vā)
az ēn do ēk: ayāb vahān-ē rāy, ayāb-iš anī ast vardēnīdār ī-š kām. ŠGV 11.348            
ayāb hamāg draxt abāg bar ī kirbag kuned, ayāb hamāg draxt abāg bar ī bazag kuned. ŠGV 15.133
nē … nē ‘neither … nor’, see “Adverbs of negation’.
agar … agar ‘whether … or’,
agar … enyā ‘either … or’, see below.
 
 

Conditional

 
agar ‘if, whether’ < *hakṛ(-)t- ‘once’ (cf. OPers. hakaram adv. ‘once’, Av. hakǝrǝt̰ adv. ‘once’, Parth. ag)
agar hān ast xvadāy ī visp, pus-iš kē kird ubdār? TM 28 I              
agar pesox nē dahē, ayāb gōbē kū nē dānam, ēg-it ped ham zamān bē ōzanam. MJF 1
mā agar ‘unless; lest, let not’
mā agar az ēn vattar šāyed būdan. DH
agar nē ‘if not, unless’
agar nē hān druz nē būd hē. J 16
As disjunctive:
agar … agar ‘either … or’
agar ped vahāg, agar ped zīšn, ud agar ped dāšin. TM 5794 II
agar … agar-z ‘either … or else’
agar ped zamān, agar-z ped peyvann. ŠGV 15.54
ka ‘when, if, since’ (Av. ka-t̰ ‘when?’, Parth. kaδ ‘when, if’)
ēn frahang ka andar kār dārend, ahlav bavend ped yazdān kām. RP 62.28            
ka āmād [hem] pidarūn ī ašmāh … Ps 95.9
ka-z ‘even if, although’ (cf. Pers. اگرچه)
ka-z hambidīgān vasnām ud vassardag hend …  ŠGV 8.96
hamē ka ‘whenever; as soon as’
hamē ka bun ī dēn ped dānišn ī ōstīgān vīrāst … PDK 16
harv ka ‘whenever’
ham vahmān ī vahmān rāy abar ham māyag pādixšāy kird-um ēdōn kū harv ka vahmān ayāb kas az vahmān jādag rāy xvāstārīh kuned abēāhōgīhā aviš abespārum, ud pediš spōz ud vistārīh nē kunum. PK 7
hamē dā ka ‘as long as’.  rendering Av. yavatā
hamē dā ka pādixšā būd huramag Jim ī šēd. Y 9.5
As disjunctive:
ka … ka-z ‘whether … or else’
xīr ī gētīg ō cē humānāg? ō tis ī ped būšāsp vēnend, ka nēk ka-z vad. AV 110-111
 
 

Conclusive

 
ā ‘then’ < *ād (Av. āat̰), ā < ah ‘then’ (Av. aθa/ G aθā). It occurs after agar (cf. Av. hakǝrǝt̰ … aθa, yezi … āat̰) and ka.
agar gōbīhed dušcihr ast, ā nigerīhed kū … Dk iii, M 76
ka vāng kuned, ā(-š) pedyārag az dām ī Ohrmazd abāz dāred. MJF 2       
 ka az xvarm bē būd, ā-z-iš guft Zardušt kū …ZVY 1.5
ēg ‘then, thereupon’ (OPers. adakaiy, Parth. aδyān),
agar … ēg ‘if … then’
agar cīdag cīd hē, ēg bērōn pēdāg būd hē. Š H          
u-t nišān ī didīgar ēn kū bē agar ped gētīg tis ī nē nēk kuneh, ēgiš ō vahišt ī veh nē raseh. MJF 2
ka … ēg ‘when … then’
u-n ka ēn tigr vist ēg-in pēš šahriyārān … vist. Š H             
abar niger kū ka hān ī nē būd, ēg-um bē kird, hān ī būd cim abāz nē šāyed kirdan? Bd 222             
ud hān ī duškirdagānān, ka andar ōy āyēb ayārdānd ud vardānd, ēg ul nīšānd. TM 470
 
 

Adversative

 
bē/ ba ‘but, yet’ < *ba-id (Parth. abāv)
nē ēdōn cōn tū handēšē, bē ēdōn cōn an dānam. MJF 3          
az nūn parrōn xvēš grīv dēndār mā xvān, ba dēnāvar ī rāst. TM 2 I
bēz (Parth. bēž)
bēz pit murdag ī visp dām, harvāgōz kū vindānd, ka murd ayāb ka ōzad, hēb xvarend. TM 5794 II
bē ka ‘except, but if’
bē ka-šān nē hamārag (hamvār) abar rased, stahmagīh ī Ahrmen ud dēvān, ud apparišn ī hān haft abāxtar rāy. MX 38.5
bē agar ‘but if’
bē agar ašmā bayān sahed ēn dēn ī abēzag hiled …  AZ 11
bē … enyā … nē ‘except … (otherwise) … not’.
mād kē an pus būd hum bē man enyā anī pus nē būd ‘my mother, whose son I was, had no other son except me’.  HKR 6          
cē harv kē andar gētīg and-cand yašt-ē bē kirdan, vināh ī andar dast ud pāy bē dānistan abāyed, bē kē <kōr> karr ayāb gung enyā nē pādixšā bē ka kirīhed ‘for whosoever is in the world of life should at least perform some Yasna ceremonies, should know [how much] sin he has in hands and feet, unless those who are blind, deaf or dumb in which case, it is not lawful except when <the Yasna ceremonies> are performed [for them by others]’. CHP 33
enyā/ anāy ‘but’ (Av. anyāθā adv., Paz. ainā)
ōrōn ma avar anāy ānōh pettāy! ‘do not come here, but wait there !’ TM 2 I
ayāb enyā ‘otherwise’
gyān andar avēšān kun ayāb enyā pašt nē āvāšem.  HDV 13
 
 

Causal

 
cē/ ceh ‘for, because, since’ < *cahi̯a
cē xvaš ped xvardan, hubōy ped dahan. HKR 53
cōn also is used as a causal conjunction.
cōn an Jāmāsp ped hān zamān ruvān-garōdmānīg ham.  J 13
 
 

Temporal

 
ka ‘when’ (Parth. kaδ).
ka asēm ped rōy, ayāb ped anī tis āmixtag …  TM 9 II           
 juttar hān zamān, razmāh rāy, sārān hamis āvāmān, ka cōn āb ped rōdān davend. TS 9
dā ‘until’ (Parth. yaδ),
būd ī dā dagr zamān pettāyist bē pas-iz frazām vidašt, vin ud abēdāg būdan abāyist. HDM 14
dā ō ‘id.’.
dā ō dēr sārān, hamēšag mānāy šād. TM 43
cōn also is used as a temporal conjunction.
cōn sārārān ahrāft hend, ēg-išān dēn vihurīd. TM 5794 I
 
 

Spatial

 
kū ‘where’ (Av. kū, kūθra adv.).
hān vāxš guft kū-t an nē padīrem, abāz vard kū āmad hē ud nihuft az pēš man. TM 2 I
Disjunctive: ast kū … ast kū ‘somewhere … somewhere (else)’
Hindūgān šahr vazurg; ast ī sard, ud ast ī garm; ast ī tarr, ud ast ī hušk; ast kū dār ud draxt, ud ast kū dašt ī saxt, ud ast kū viyābān. J 8.
 
 

Final and Explanative

 
dā ‘in order that’
frāz ō dar ī man āy dā an sīh-u-se frašn az tō pursam! MJF 1
kū dā ‘so that’
gyān ud rōšnīh andar tan bast ud zēndānīg kird, kū dā hān rōšnīh ī ped xvaršēd ud māh ahrāmed. ŠGV 16.25-6
ē ‘that is, i.e.’ (OPers. aita- ‘this’, Arab. أي) .
vānīhed druz [ē : ēn dānem kū andar hān zamān druz stōb šāyed kirdan]. Y 31.4
ē kū ‘the meaning is this that’             
ē kū mād ī ōy gōbāg Sōšāns. Dk vii, M 674
kū ‘i.e.’. It is often used in the Zand.
šnāyēnišn ī Gōšurvan [kū : pahrēz ī gōspendān ped dānāgīh kunišn]. Y 28.1
hād/ ād ‘it may be, i.e.’ from *ah ‘to be’ (Paz. hat̰ rendered by Skt. स्यात, It often introduces a chapter. (See Dk iii.)
ēdōn kadār-z-ē az astān kē ahlāyīh ī pahlum [kū : yazišn ōh kuned ā-š ōh baved. hād, kē andar yazišn ēn gōbed ,ā-š ruvān amarg baved]. Y 19.11
Result clauses are introduced by conjunctions such as:
kū,                
gyāg-ē pēdāg kū … RP 16b 1             
guft-iš Zardušt kū … ZVY 4.1
ēdōn … kū,              
ēdōn gōbend kū … VC 1
ē              
cōn gōbed ē …  F 3.3             
ēn-z guft ē … Dk vi, M 573             
ast kē ēdōn gōbed, ē: ped avaēpaem bē āyed, kār hān gyāg kunend. Vd 1.2
 
 

Relative

 
cōn/ cigōn ‘how, so that’ (Parth. cavāγōn).
im yašt ud kirdagān rāy cōn andar šahr kirīyed. KSM 26          
āfrīn, cōn-um guft, bē rasād. SS 21
 
 

Comparative

 
az ‘from, than’.
u-š mardōm xvāst kū-š dād freh az pānzdah sāl nē bavād. MJF 1
kū ‘from, than’.
ēd rāy dōst būd-am handarz frāy kū zarr, ud kū sag ī nēv. Ps 118.127           
kōdak kārd veh kū andak xvarišn. MJF 2
cōn ‘as, similar to’.                   
farrox ud pahlum bed cōn Kay-Husrō ! xūbmihr bed cōn Mihr yazd! dušmenzadār bed cōn Zerīr! ĀfV           
ōn mānāg hē cōn Zurvān ī pādixšāy dīdēmvar. TIB 4974