Pronoun

1. Personal pronouns

§ 1.1. There are two series of personal pronouns, detached and suffixed. For the first and second singular detached pronouns there originally existed two forms, direct and oblique. The third singular (plural) person is indeed a form of the demonstrative singular (plural) pronoun. A suffixed pronoun is only used as oblique. Two suffixed pronouns may be attached to each other.

Here is the paradigm of personal pronouns: (V: linking vowel a, i, u. dir.: direct/ rectus. obl.: oblique/ obliquus. sg.: singular. pl.: plural.)

ㅤ	Detached	Suffixed
sg. 1	an dir. (Parth. az), man obl.	-Vm
2	tū dir., tō obl.	-Vt
3	ō, ōy/ avē, (Parth. hō, hav)	-Vš
pl. 1	amā/ amāh	-Vmān, -Vn
2	ašmā/ ašmāh	-Vtān
3	avēšān, avīn (Parth. havīn)	-Všān

§ 1.2. The first singular

an < *anam < *adam (OPers. adam nom. sg., Av. azǝm/ G azə̄ m, Skt. ahám, Parth. az):

ud an Kirdēr muvbed ‘And I (am) Kirdēr, the high priest’. KKZ 1.
hān vāxš guft kū-t an nē pedīrem. abāz vard kū āmad hē! ud nihuft az pēš man ‘That ghost said: I do not welcome you. Go back to where you came from! And he skulked out of me’. TM 2 I.
ud šāh ō xvadāvan peygām frestād kū ēv zamān pāy dā an xvad ō tō āyān ‘The king sent a message to the lord (Mani) thus: Wait a moment until I may come to you myself!’ TM 3.
an ham Ādōn ī kāmag-xvadāy ‘I am Adonai, with absolute power’. ŠGV 14.77
az az tō abardar hum ‘I am superior to thee’. DA 6.

man < *manā (OPers. manā gen. sg., mām acc. sg., Av. mana/ G mə̄ .nā, mąm acc. sg.):

ud man Kirdēr az ahī ōrōn ped yazdān ud xvadāyān ud xvēš ruvān rāy vas ranz ud āvām dīd ‘And I, Kirdēr, from the beginning, have experienced much trouble and suffering for the sake of the gods and men (lit. lords) and my own soul'. KKZ 11.
u-š az ōy pursīd Zardušt kū: kē mard hē kē man az harvisp oxān ī astumand ā-m nēktar dīd hē? ‘Zaraθuštra asked him: Who, O man, are you who are the most beautiful I have ever seen in the whole osseous existence (material world)?’ Y 9.1
man guft kū: dēnvar hem, hašāgird ī Mānī frēstag ‘I said: I am a religious man, a disciple of Mani the apostle’. TM 2 I.
ud kafškar az āhingar xvāyišn kuned ˝āhingar˝, kū, ˝dastabzār ī man bē vīrāy dā mōzag ī tō xūb bē kunam !˝ ‘The shoemaker requests the blacksmith: O blacksmith, prepare my (hand-)tools so that I may make you sturdy footwear!’. MGA 5.
damēnag az man karend ādurān vasnād ‘They make fans of me for the fires'. DA 12

-Vm (OPers. -maiy gen. sg., Av. mē/ G mōi):

u-m, ī-m, ā-m, ka-m, kū-m, kē-m, cē-m, pe-m :

u-m ‘and me’ (OPers. utā-maiy),
rāh cand? u-m dēn kadām? u-m cē sūd, u-m cē zyān? u-m kē dōst, u-m kē dušmen? ‘How many are the paths, and which is my Daēnā (‘religion’), what is benefit for me and what is loss for me, who is my friend and who is my enemy?’. CHP 1.
višāy xvēš [soxan] ud rōšn kun; āgāh-am kun ō anāgāh. dahan-am višād, [u-]m ayāft vād; u-m urvāzist [ō-]t handarz. vardā-m aviš, ud raḥmī-m abar! ‘Open your words, and give light, make me aware unto the unaware! I opened my mouth, and snuffed up the wind, and I took delight in your precepts. Turn toward me, and be merciful unto me!’ Ps 118.130-132.
hil-um āstār ‘remit my sins!’. TM 5779
(Parth. hirz-um āstār. TM 801a.
or man-āstār hirz-ā. TM 176.)
ast-um, u-t nē dahum ‘I have, but I will not give you’. Vd 4.1Z.
nēst-um ‘I have not’. Vd 4.1Z.

§ 1.3. The first plural

amāh/ amā/ amāg < *amākham < *ahmākam (OPers. amāxam, Av. ahmākǝm gen. pl., Paz. ə̄mā)

ahmākǝm: amā. F 7
vaēm (nom. pl.): amā. F 8

amā-g-ān (translating Av. ahmākǝṇg ‘our (people)’, ahmākāiš, …): Y 32.8.
ahmākāiš azdǝbīšcā uštānāišcā: amāgān tan ud gyān. ‘with our bodies and lives’. Y 37.3
ud amāh abar Hrōmāyīg šahr vihist hem ‘We set out for the Roman Empire’. ŠKZ 6.
kay būd ka amāh ēd espās ped tō kird? ‘When was it we provided this service for you?’. TM 475.
ōh dōšist ud dōšārmīgar, amāh tū, šahr ī nōg, dīd hē ‘O dearest, O loving! We have seen you, new aeon’. TM 28 II.
amāh pidar kirbakkar ‘our beneficent father’. TM 273.
amāh dād, amāh, ud amāh murnzēnem kē dēv hem ‘we have created (it), we, and we will destroy it, we who are demons’. Dk iii, M 252.

-Vn old formation < **nah* (Av. nō/ G nə̄ gen. pl., Skt. naḥ):

u-n valeriyānos kēsar xvad ped xvēš dast dastgrav kird ‘And we made captive Valerian Caesar with our hands’. ŠKZ 14-15.
u-n ka ēn tigr vist, ēg-in pēš šahriyārān ud vispuhrān ud vazurgān ud āzādān vist ‘And when We (= I) shot this arrow, then We shot it before the kings and princes and magnates and nobles’. Š H.
… kē-n xānag bannag mahist … būd ‘… whoever was the greatest subject in our estate’. N P 16.
az ēn kird framād nibištan kū kē pas az-an (az amah) bavānd hān ēn nām ud nēvīh ud xvadāyīh ī amāh dānānd ‘We commanded to be written for this reason that whosoever will be after us may know this fame, heroism and kingship of us’. ŠKZ 21-22.

-Vmān is a new formation from -Vm and the plural suffix of the nouns °ān:

u-mān, ī-mān, ā-mān, ka-mān, kū-mān, kē-mān, cē-mān, pe-mān :

vizār-mān az meyān bazagān, u-mān az meyān abdāgān abdāz! ‘separate us from amid the wicked, and rescue us from amid the aggressors!’. TM 28 II.
nambarem ō farrah vazurg ī tō pidar-mān frēstag rōšn ‘We salute your great Fortune, our father, apostle of light’. TM 801a.
pedisāy [xānag] ī-mān xvadāy yazd, xvāhān [ped kirbag] ī tō ‘Because of the house of the Lord, our God, I will seek your good’. Ps 121.9.
agar-t šāyed, ēg-umān rōzīg-ē az anī dar framāy! ‘If it is possible for thee, then tell [him to bestow] us a daily bread otherwise’. ŠGV 14.69.

§ 1.4. The second singular

tū < *tuu̯am/ *tū (OPers. tuvam nom. sg., Av. tūm/ G tvə̄m, tū, Zazaki tu, tı):

tū mā šav cē tū aburnāy hē ‘You, don’t go! For you are (still) a child’. AZ 80.
tū hē, tū hē jāmag ī āfrīn ‘You are, you are the garment of blessing’. TM 28 II.
tū-iz ō man rānē, tū-iz ō man nibardē ‘Thou fightest with me, thou disputest with me’. DA 30.
nē ēdōn cōn tū handēšē, bē ēdōn cōn an dānum ‘It is not so as you think, but it is so as I know’. MJF 3.
tū ēd xvār ped zanīh ō man day dā an-z ēn bē ō tō dayum ‘You, give this [your] sister in marriage to me, so that I also shall give this (my sister) to you’. RP 8e.7

tō < *tau̯ā (Av. tava/ G tavā gen. sg., Zazaki to):

tō rāy drūd! ‘Peace be to you!’. Ps 121.8.
harv cē ped tō nē nēk tū-iz ped anī kas mā kun! ‘Do not do unto anyone else what would not be good for yourself!’. HAM 5.
tō xvēš ‘It belongs to you’. MHD 18.
ped tō nām, ped tō kām, ped tō framān, ud ped tō zāvar ‘In your name, by your will, by your order, and by your force’. TM 1202.
Hufrīh ī tō xvah ī man zan ‘Hufrīh who is your sister and my wife’. MJF 3.

-Vt (OPers. -taiy gen. sg., Av. tē/ G tōi, tē):

u-t, ī-t, ā-t, ka-t, kū-t, kē-t, cē-t, pe-t :

drust āmad hē tū ardā virāz ka-t ahanūn-z āmad zamān nē būd ‘Be you welcome, Ardā Virāz, although it was not the time of your coming’. AVN 4.1.
agar-t hambun-z mihr ī amāh ast ‘If you have any love for us at all’. KAP 10.3.
ēd-it nē dayum ‘this I shall not give to you’. RP 18f.27.
nambarem ō farrah vazurg ī-t brāzāg ‘We salute your great Fortune which is shining’. TM 801a.
u-t ēn-z gōbum kū ‘And this, too, I will tell you’. J 16.

§ 1.5. The second plural

ašmāh/ ašmā < *ušmākam (Av. yušmākǝm/ G xšmākǝm gen. pl., Parth. ešmāh):

agar ašmāh yazdān dastan hē, ēg-um vahišt ud dušox cihrag nimāyed! ‘If it is possible for you the Yazata, then show me the view of Paradise and hell!’ KSM 28-29.
harv cē ašmāh kāmed pēš man guftan, hān an dānem ‘anything you want to state before me, I [already] know it’. TM 475.
ardašēr abāg do bārag ī ašmāh nē ped gyāg ast ‘Ardašēr with two steeds of yours is not at his place’. KAP 4.2.
ud ō mardōmān framūdan kū ašmāh-išān drust ud abēniyāz kuned! ‘And he commands people thus: Do make them healthy and free from want’. ŠGV 11.143.
ašmāh-iz nām ‘your name also’. TM 5815 II.
ēn āfrīn ped ašmāh ēdōn bād cōn māh ud xvaršēd ud āb ud ādur ud may ud murd ud mušk ud jāsmin ud gul ud marzangōš! ‘May these benedictions be unto you as the moon, and the sun, and water, and fire, and wine, and myrtle, and musk, and jasmine, and rose, and marjoram’. ĀfV.

-Vtān is a new formation from -Vt and the plural suffix of the nouns °ān (older -Vv, cf. Av. vō/ G və̄* encl. gen. pl., Skt. vaḥ):

u-tān, ī-tān, ā-tān, ka-tān, kū-tān, kē-tān, cē-tān, pe-tān :

Ardaxšēr šāhān šāh kē-tān niyāg būd ‘Ardašēr, king of kings, who was your grandfather’. N P 80
anāy kē ped ašmāh vināst hād, hān-tān dādestān kunān, ud angām xvāhān ‘Otherwise, he who has done wrong against you, I shall judge him for you, and hold him to account’. TM 475.
kadār-tān sūdumanttar sahed ka-tān bē ō gētīg brihēnum … u-tān ped frazām drust anōšag abāz vīrāyum, u-tān abāz ō gētīg dayum … ayāb-itān hamēvīg-pānagīh ī ebgad abāyed kirdan? ‘Which seems profitable to you: that I fashion you forth to the world of life … and I restore you whole (and) immortal in the end and assign you back to the world of life … or it should provide you with eternal protection against the Assault?’ Bd 39.

§ 1.6. The third singular

ō/ ōy < *au̯a-, *áu̯ahi̯a, avē < *au̯áhi̯a (OPers.-Av. ava-, avā- f. demonstrative pronoun, OPers. hauv, Av. hāu/ G hvō nom. sg. m. < *hau̯, OPers. avam, Av. aom acc. sg. m, OPers. hauv, Av. hāu nom. sg. f., OPers. avahyā, Av. avahe-ca, avaŋ́ he gen. sg. m., Av. avaŋ́ hå < *au̯ahi̯āh gen. sg. f., Parth. hō, hav°):

kē tigr ō hān cīdāg abganed ōy dast nēv ‘Whoever casts an arrow to that cairn, his hands are [indeed] good’. Š H
(Parth. kē tiγr ō hō šīd žāmeδ hō-b dast nēv ahend.)
… ped kām ud nimēzišn īg ōy ō amāh āmad hē ‘You have come to us according to his will and incentive’. TM 801a.
ōy-iz mānāg ast dādār Ohrmazd ‘He too is similar to Ahura Mazdā the creator’. ŠGV 4.73.
peyvann ud tōhmag ī Kayān az ōy abāz raft ‘The lineage and race of the Kavi proceeded from him (Kavāta)’. MX 27.48.

-Vš < -šai̯* (OPers. -šaiy, Av. -šē, -hē/ G -hōi encl. personal pronoun, third person, gen. sg.):

u-š, ī-š, ā-š, ka-š, kū-š, kē-š, cē-š, pediš:

ka-š yašt kird ēsted ‘When he has performed a Yasna’. ŠnŠ 12.1.
ēg-iš ō man pesox guft Jim ‘Then Yima replied unto me’.Vd 2.3.
guft-iš Ohrmazd kū ‘Ahura Mazdâ said’. Aog. 81b.
u-š ēn-z guft kū ‘and he said this too’. MHD 46.
ka-š rāmišn ud xvašīh ī gētīg nēst u-š bīm ud mihōxt-iz abāg ‘When the pleasure and pleasantness of this world are not his, and fear and falsehood are with him’. MX 19.6.
u-t-iš bannag dōst būd ‘And your servant loved it’. Ps 118.140.
kē-š vinārišn ī doīh aziš pēdāgīhed ‘from which even the proof of the duality is manifest’. ŠGV 10.1.
ēn ast uzdēscār, ī-š xvānend kadag īg yazdān ‘This is an idol-temple, which they call the House of the Gods’. TM 219.
kird-uš bārag iškariōtā ‘He made Iscariot his mount’. TM 104 Parth.

§ 1.7. The third plural

avēšān < *au̯ai̯šānām (OPers. avaišām, Av. avaēšąm gen. pl. of ava-, Paz. ə̄ šą, ōšąn), also avīn (Parth. havīn):

avēšān ōh guft kū ‘They said thus’. KSM 34.
avēšān-um puhl zad u-m nixrust hend ‘I punished and reproached them’. KKZ 13-14.
u-š dād zamīg ī avēšān ped jādīh ‘And he gave their land for a share’. Ps 135.21.
avēšān andar Husrav peymān kird ‘They made the pact with Khusrō’. ZVY 2.4.
pedīrag kēšān raft abāg avēšān ped harvtis bōxt ‘He opposed the doctrines and [in his fight] with them he succeeded in everything’. TM 2 I.
avēšān-z virāstag bavend ‘They will become restored too’. DD 31.11.
pasā-z dudī nivist Āz avīn mazanān ud asrēštārān abārīgān narān ud māyagān kē az asmān ō zamīg kaft hend avēšān-z hamgōnag avezmāh ud marzišn hamōzān kū avezmāhānd ud marzānd ‘Afterward too, Āz again began to teach in the same way lewdness and coition to those other giant monsters and fiends, male and female, who had fallen from the sky onto the earth so that they would be lewd and mate’. TM 7984 I.

-Všān is a new formation from -Vš and the plural suffix of the nouns °ān:

u-šān, ī-šān, ā-šān, ka-šān, kū-šān, kē-šān, cē-šān, pedišān:

u-šān ēn-z ōn dāšt kū ‘they held this too’. Dk vi, M 474.
ud vas būd hend kē ō marg mad, u-m-išān … ‘And there were many who came unto death, and I [revived] them’. TM 3.
u-t-išān ēnak ānāft ēvēn ‘Behold, they have rejected your laws’. Ps 118.126.
ud cōn sārārān ahrāft hend, ēg-išān dēn vihurīd ‘But when the leaders ascended (/ died), then their religions got confused’. TM 5794 I.
ēg-išān zīndag ōbārd hem, ka-šān āxist dēbist abar amāh ‘Then they had swallowed us up alive, when their wrath rose up against us’. Ps 123.3.
bēz-išān hān rāy peyvahan …* ‘but on that account they [utter] supplication’. TM 2
kē-bēz-ušān sar az hāyān ul hannārēh ‘but who may lift up their heads from the grave …’. TM 482+ I.

2. Demonstrative pronouns

The demonstrative pronouns indicating items near in space or time are ēn, ēd, im ‘this’, ēnēšān, imīn, imēšān (ēšān/ ēdēšān, Paz. ə̄šą) ‘these’; those indicating items far in distance or time are ōy/ avē, hān ‘that’, avēšān, hānēšān, avīn ‘those’.

§ 2.1. ōy, avē: avīn, avēšān

The old demonstrative pronoun *au̯a-, *au̯ahi̯a, au̯ā- f. (OPers. avahyā, Av. avahe-ca) tended to be used in the noun functions, and as such it became the third person personal pronoun: ōy sg., avēšān pl. Moreover, it has its demonstrative, emphatic function, or it simply indicates definiteness. We also find the form avīn pl. (Parth. havīn).

xunak ōy mard kē-šān purr kunād kwtyly /kantīr/ aziš. ‘Blessed is the man that has his quiver full of [arrows]!’ Ps 126.5.
u-m ōy ī pidar ped aburnāyīh bē vidurd ‘and my father died during my childhood’. HKR 6.
bām ud agrāyī az ōy niyāg ‘splendour and excellence from that ancestor’. TM 36.
kunišn ī ōy mard ‘the action of that man’. Dk vi, M 486.
ōy zamān ‘at that time’. KKZ 5.
ōy šahr ‘that land’. KKZ 13
xvarxšēd ī rōšn ud purrmāh ī brāzāg rōzend ud brāzend az tanvār ī ōy draxt ‘The luminous sun and the glowing full moon luminesce and glow from the trunk of that tree’. TM 554.
ōy bay ardaxšēr šāhān šāh ī pābagān ped rāst- dastvarīh ī tōsar hān-z hamōg ī pargandag hamāg ō dar xvāst. Dk iv, M 412
ōy ī visp-veh dādār ēn dām ped xrad dād ‘The all-good creator created this creation through wisdom’. MX 1.11.
ōy-iz ī driyuštum ud armēšttum kas ‘the poorest and most infirm person’. MX 15.6.
az dar avēšān bayān namāz burd ‘[I] bid farewell (lit. bore homage from) the court of His Majesty (lit. those late lords)’. ŠPs I, 4.
avēšān hend kē dānišn ud vehīh nē pedīrend ‘… are those who do not receive knowledge and goodness (wisdom)’. TM 97.
u-m dīd ruvān ī avēšān durvandān kē-šān … ‘I saw the soul of those wicked who …’.AVN 61.1.
avēšān bayān namāz burd ‘He paid homage to His Majesty’. ŠPs I 4. cē yazdān ud avēšān bayān … kirbag sahed. ŠPs II 8-9
Addā ped avīn šahrān vas ranz burd ‘Adda worked very hard in those lands’. TM 2 I.

§ 2.2. hān (later ān): hānēšān

hān or ān ‘that’ < *hāu-nă (Parth. hō. It is also used as a third person personal pronoun. Paz. ą).

hān ī indicates the ‘genitive’ case or simply definiteness.

The plural form hānēšān rarely occurs (Parth. havīn).

ud az hān ālag Xarrān ud Urhā abāg Valeriyānos kēsar (vazurg) ardīg būd ‘And on that side of Carrhae and Edessa with Valerian Caesar a great battle took place’105. ŠKZ 14.
hān vāxš guft: cē ast dēn ī āvarē? ‘That ghost said: What is the religion you bring?’. TM 2 I.
u-m ped hān spās ī-m ped yazdān kird hād ‘and for the service I had performed for the Yazata …’. KKZ 1.
āyed āyed ped šādīh, hān kē bār vāf ‘He shall come again in joy, he who is bearing sheaves’. Ps 125.6.
hān ī uzīd frāmōš kun! ‘Forget that which has passed away!’ HAM 3.
hān cahār nirāmišn ‘those four layers (the four lower earths)’. TM 7984 II.
hān cahār āmēzišn ‘those four mixtures (humours)’. VZ 30.18.
hān-tān dādestān kunān ‘I shall judge him (that person) for you’. TM 475.
hān-šān cimīg sahist ‘That seemed to them reasonable’. Dk vi, M 577.
ped hān zamān ‘at that time’. KKZ 6
az hān cim rāy ‘for that reason’.
anōšag baved, man cim ī ēn catrang dā imrōz az hān cim rāy bē nē vizārd dā ašmāh ud harv kē ped Ērānšahr hed bē dāned kū andar Ērānšahr an mard-ē dānāgdar hum. VC 6
ēn … hān ‘this … that’ (Parth. im … hō).
ēn abhummišn īg do bun, ud nibēgān zīndagān, vehīh ud dānišn ī man, az hān ī pēšēnagān dēn frāydar ud vahī hend. TM 5794 I
kē avvēnišnīgdar? hān kē andar ōy kē nēkīh aziš vinded anespās baved. ‘Who is most blameworthy? He who is ungrateful towards that one from whom he obtains a favour.’ AV 167-168.
hān-z ī nidum az avēšān starān ‘and the smallest ones of those stars’. F 4.1
ped hān ī ka ‘at that time when’. Dk ix, M 803.
andar hān ī amāh deh ‘in our village’ Dk vii, M 621.
hān ī ōy nām ‘his name’. DD 28.2.
hān ham kū an ham ‘That [one] is the same as I am’. Dk vi, M 504.
hān bōyestān ‘that garden’, hān ī bōyestān ‘the garden’. ŠGV 11.79.
nēmag ī pēš bāzā-mahā ud hān ī pas sēnag-mahā ‘the front [of it] is of the size of an arm, and the back [of it] is of the size of a hip’. F 25.2.
ēn harv do, ham hān ī tanīgird ud ham hān ī mēnōgīh, harv do tārīg ‘Both of these, the corporeal [body] as well as the spiritual [soul], both are dark’. TM 9 II.
hān se pārgēn … hānēšān abar frōd višīhānd. ‘Those three moats … will be let loose down upon them’. TM 535+

§ 2.3. ēn: ēnēšān

ēn ‘this’ < *ai̯am-nă/ ii̯am-nă (Paz. īṇ).

The plural form ēnēšān rarely occurs.

tigrāh ēn man ‘this bowshot is mine’. Š H
ēn ādurgāh Abnōn ī ped šabestān āyēnīg framād kē kird. ‘This fire altar, [I], Abnōn, master of ceremonies in the Queen’s palace, ordered [to be made, and] who made it’. Abn. 1-2.
… pāymār kuned kū-t bun xānag ēn ēv baved. ‘He appoints me, [saying]: Let this be your source’. KKZ 3.
ēn and ādur ud kirdagān ‘all these fires and services’. KKZ 2.
ēk ēn kū … ‘One is this that …’. ŠnŠ 10.8.
cim ī hān nām ēn kū ‘The reason for that name is this that …’. DD 30.13.
u-t ēn-z gōbam … ‘And this also I tell you …’. ZVY 4.68.
ēn-um sūd ud nēkīh, ēn-um dahišn ud drūd. ‘This is my use and goodness, this my gift and welfare’. DA 108.
ēn frašnīhā ī tō az man pursīd hend. ‘These enigmas which you have asked me’. MJF 4.
frāz ēn ī man yaz ‘sacrifice this of mine!’. Dk vii, M 621.
ēnēšān kāmag ī ēnēšān tis bannag abarš rāmistan ī ašmāh rāy guft ‘I (lit. servant) [only] have said about these desires, these things, for the sake of enjoying you’. HKR 103.

§ 2.4. im: imēšān, imīn

im ‘this’ < *imă-, *imam (OPers. ima- m., imā- f., imam acc. sg. m., imām acc. sg. f., Av. ima- m., imā- f., imǝm acc. sg. m.). The plural form is imēšān or less often imīn (Parth. imīn).The pronoun im mostly occurs in a series of compounds (im-rōz ‘today’).

az imrōz dā fradāg veh šāyed būdan. DH
ēn-um sūd ud nēkīh ēn-um dahišn ud drūd kē az man buz bē raved tar im cē pahn būm. ‘This is my use and goodness, this my gift and welfare, which issues from me, the goat, across this wide earth’. DA 108-109.
farrah ī im abar ō asmān šaved ‘The Fortune of this (child) goes up to the sky’. VZ 10.19.
im-um jār dahāh … ‘This time, (please) give me …’. TM 5
(Parth.) im-um yāvar dahāh.
ud az anērān-z hambedīz im panz panz axtar rōz dah abzaved, axtar axtar do rōz. TM 7981 II
ud hān [ī imēšān ādurān] dād u-n [cē] ēvēn nihād, ōh-iz harv abar pādixšēr nibišt ‘And that which we have donated to these Fires, and which we have established as a custom, thus also all we have written upon a deed of settlement’. ŠKZ 24.
ēk az imēšān nēst ‘[If] there be not one of these’. Dk iii, M 136.
[ped] sar ī imīn vispān … ‘at the head of all these (things)’. TM 219.
nāzend avēšān kē griyīd hend, ud griyend imīn kē nūn xannend. ‘Those who mourned will take pleasure, and these who laugh now will mourn’. TS 9.

im cim rāy ‘for this reason’.
xvaršēd im cim rāy harv rōz si bār ō mardōm(ān) ī gētīg framān dayed. CHP 48

im bay ‘His (present) Majesty’
im bay Husrō šāhān šāh ī Kavādān cōn-š ahlemōgīh ud sāstārīh spurr-hamēstārīhā vānīd, ped pēdāgīh ī az dēn abar harv ahlemōgīh cahār pēšag āgāhīh ud uskārišn ī gugānīg vasīhā bē abzūd. Dk iv, M 413

§ 2.5. ēd/ ē: ēdēšān/ ēšān

ēd ‘this’ < *ai̯tă-, *ai̯tahi̯a (OPers. aita- m., aitā- f., Av. aēta-, aētā- f., aētahe gen. sg., aētaēšąm gen. pl., Osset. e ‘he, that’, Bal. e ‘this’).

The form ē is identical with ēd (ē-z ‘this also’, Paz. ə̄ca)

u-m ē-z dīd kū … Ardā V 54

it may, however, continue the old demonstrative pronoun *a-, *ahi̯a (Av. a- , ahe, aŋ́ he/ G ahyā, ax́ yā-cā). The plural form is ēšān.

estāyišn ō ēd nām ī tō, pidān ‘Praise be to this your name, Our Father’. TM 28 II.
az-iz ēd pēdāg kū ‘from this also it is manifest that’. Bd 174.
ud amāh Mešīk az ēd kird Pērōzšābuhr nām ēstād ‘And for this reason we gave the name Pērōzšābuhr to Mešīk’. ŠKZ 5-6.
ōy ēd ōn abar nibišt ēsted kū ‘On those [documents] it has been so written that’. KKZ 3.
ēd-it nē dahem ‘This I shall not give to you’. RP 18f.27
ēd harv haft ‘all these seven (things)’. Dk iii, M 368.
andar ēd dāmân ī tō ‘among these creatures of yours’. ZVY 3.2.
ēd ī tō pus ‘your son’. Dk vii, M 620.
ped ēd ī tō gāhān. Y 36.1
an hum ēd ī tō humat ud hūxt ud huvaršt ī-t menīd ud guft ud kird. MX 2.136
abar nāmcištīg panz dādestān ī ēvar, ēd cē ped ēvar dārišn abē-var, tōzišn aziš bē kunišn. Dk viii, M 718
ēd-iš nē škeftīh ‘This is not astounding concerning him’.Y 9.10.
u-šān ka ēdēšān donān rahyān rōšnān cannēnend ‘And when these two Light-chariots shake …’. TM 1208.

ēd rāy ‘on account of this, therefore’ (Parth. ēd rāδ, ēd vasnāδ).
ēd rāy dōst būd-am handarz, frāy kū zarr, ud kū sag ī nēv. Ps 118.127
ēd rāy ēdōn nē šāyed ī hān tēzsōg ī do kust dāred ō bahrān baxšīhed. Dk iv, M 409
(Parth.) u-š ēd rāδ hāmcihrag nē xrušt. TM 2 II
(Parth.) u-m ēd vasnāδ imīn saxvan vāxt ahend. TM 5815 I

ēd rāy cē ‘for this reason, on this account’.
ud ēd rāy cē niyūšāgān az ardāvān kamb hend. TM 8251 II
ēd rāy cē harv hunar ō xrad, ud harv xrad ō dānišn … niyāz. VAM 59

ēd rāy ī ‘id.’
ēd-iz (ē-z) rāy ī-mān šnāxt ēsted kū. Dk iv, M 414

3. Other pronouns

§ 3.1. ī, īg

ī < *i̯a-, * i̯ahi̯a (Av. ya-, yā- f., yō, yas-ca/ G yə̄ , yas- cā nom. sg., yeŋ́ he/ G yehyā, yex́ yā-cā gen. sg., OPers. ha- ya-, ta-ya-, Parth. cē), also īg < *ii̯a-ka-.

ī is a relative clause marker; moreover it often functions as a linking morpheme.

āfrāh ī dēn ‘the advice which [comes from] the religion, the advice of the religion’.
ped nērōg ī yazdān, ud rāh ī xrad, ud āfrāh ī dēn, zēnāvandīhā abar toxšed! CHP 53

By transposition of the noun and its modifier ī is dropped: dēn āfrāh ‘id.’.
ēg harv kas ped vahman āštīh mehēnišn, ud ped dēn āfrāh ī xrad pursišn, ped xrad rāh ahlāyīh vizōyišn, ud ped rāh ī rādīh ruvān urvāzēnišn, ud ped hucašmīh gāh burzišn, ud ped hunar nām xvāyišn, ud ped ērmenišnīh dōst handōzišn, ud ped bārestānīh umēd dārišn, ud ped xēm vehīh handōzišn, ud ped ahlāyīh rāh ī rōšn garōdmān virāyišn, ānōh kē xvēš hukunišnīg-varzīh aziš bar xvared. CHP 54
ēdar vazurg abdīh ī pēdāg būd ‘Here is a great wonder which was revealed’. Dk vii, M 622.
ud farr ud šahr xvēš gāh ud pedixšar ī niyāgān az yazdān pedīrift ‘And the Fortune and the royal power and his throne and the honour which the ancestors [of him] received from the Yazata’. N P 18.
tis ō ōy dahē ī ōh abāyed dādan ‘You give a thing to him to whom it is necessary to give’. Y 9.16.
agar-t pāyān frazend estām ī man, ud ēn gugāyīh ī-šān handarz kunem, ēg-išān frazend-iz nišīyānd pas tō abar gāhūg ī tō jāyēdān ī jāyēdān ‘If your children will guard my covenant, and this testimony which I shall instruct them, then their children, too, will sit after you upon your seat for evermore’. Ps 131.12.
an hān kunum ī-m <ped> pidar dīd. ašmā hān kuned ī-tān ped xvēš pidar dīd ‘I do that which I have seen with my father; you do that which you have seen with your father’172. ŠGV 15.121
ud amāh anīz vas šahr xvāst, ud vas nām ud nēvīh kird, ī ēdar nē nibišt, bē ēn and ‘We searched out many other lands, and we did many fame(-worthy) and heroic deeds, which we have not written here, these many things [we have written before]’. ŠKZ 21.
dēn īg man vizīd az abārīgān dēn ī pēšēnagān ped dah xīr frāy ud vehdar ast ‘The religion that I have chosen is in ten things above and better than the other former religions’. TM 5794 I.
āmadišn īg frēstag ped šahrān ‘The coming of the Apostle into the lands’. TM 2 I.
vas jāmag šāhvār peymōzan kenīgān ped hambān dārend frāz ō šahr cē ērān ‘Many princely garments, dresses for maidens, they keep in packs on to the Lands of Aryans (Pers. Ērānšhar)’. DA 80-81.

§ 3.2. kē

kē relative pronoun ‘who, which’, interrogative pronoun ‘who?’ < * ka-, *kahi̯a gen. sg. (Av. ka-, kā- f., kō/ G kə̄ , kas-cīt̰ nom. sg., kahe, kaŋ́ he/ G kahyā gen. sg., OPers. ka-, kaš-ciy nom. sg., Paz. kǝ).

The plural form keyān is rarely used.

an mazdesn bay Šābuhr šāhān šāh ērān ud anērān kē cihr az yazdān ‘I, the Mazdayasnian Majesty Šābuhr, king of kings of Aryans and non-Aryans, who is of the ciθra of the Yazata’. ŠKZ 1.
avēšān kē arvand hend ‘Those who are valiant. Y 9.22.
ud kē-š yašt kird ēsted ‘And he who has performed the Yasna’. ZVY 5.4.
kē-m hamōzed? ‘Who will teach me?’ Dk iv, M 431.
az kē anāmurzišn? ‘From whom there is pitilessness?’ CHP 1.
hān tis kē rāy abdum abestām aviš baved ‘That thing whereby there will be one’s final trust’. AV 49.
drist avar, pid dōšārmīgar ud dāyvar xvābar ī avēšān kē-t panāh grift! ‘Welcome, loving father and bounteous judge of those whom you have protected’. TM 28 II.
kē hān ī nēk, ud kē hān ī vattar? ‘Which one is good, and which one wicked?’. J 15.
ast kē-šān zīvišn az brinj, ud ast kē az šīr ī gāv, ud ast kē az tōhmīhā xvarend ‘There are some whose living is upon rice, and some upon the milk of cattle, and some upon seeds (corns) which they eat’. J 8.
kē zāyišnīg ud kē-z ārōyišnīg hend ‘Whether [those] which are procreative or [those] which are growing (plants)’. MX 49.23
az keyān hē? ‘whose are you?’. VZ 21.5.
kē hē ud az keyān hē? Y 43.7

§ 3.3. cē

cē relative pron. ‘what, which’, interrogative pronoun ‘what?’ < *ca-, *cahi̯a (Av. ca-, ci-, ciš nom. sg. m., cit̰ nom. sg. nt., G cahyā gen. sg., OPers. ci-, ciš-ciy < *cit- cit, Paz. ci).

It also functions as a conjunction, with the meaning ‘for, because’. In Parthian cē is used as a linking particle (≈ Pers. ī ).

cē also means ‘because, since; why ; etc.’. cē … cē ‘whether … or’.
harv kas bē abāyed dānistan kū az kū bē mad hem, ud cē-m ēdar hem, u-m abāz ō kū abāyed šudan, u-m cē aziš xvāhend ‘Everyone should know: whence have I come, why am I here, where am I to go back, and what will they want of me?’. HHK 11.
u-m cē xvēškārīh ī gētīg, ud cē mizd ī mēnōg? ‘And what are my duties in the world of life, and what is my reward in the world of thought?’. CHP 1.
cē (hān ī) hamē bed ud cē hamē būd ud ast ×bunēšt ud akanār(ag)? ‘who (lit. what) is that, who will be forever, who has ever been, and is Principle and infinite?’. J 2.
agar-t pessazag tis az hān cē durvandān ped amāh kird pēš tō gōbām ‘Please, we would like to say to you something about those [calamities] which the infidels have brought about on us’. TM 475
zan rāy cē guft, ud hān zan ō rēdak cē pāsox dād ‘What [the boy] said to the woman, and what response the woman gave to the boy’. HKR 121.
ped cē kār āyed? ‘What is its use?’. ŠnŠ 12.32.
u-š pursīd ō man Ammō kū: cē-kārag hē? ‘And she asked me, Ammō, thus: What is your profession (What do you do)?’. TM 2 I.
pas man pursīd: cē-nām hē? ‘Then I asked: What is your name?’. TM 2 I.
harv cē ped bar ayābīhed ‘Everything which is found out in the result’. ŠGV 16.91.
ped cē-š mad ēsted ‘With what he has got’. Dk iii, M 368.

§ 3.3.1. cīgām-iz/ cigāmiz ‘some, something; whatever; a little’. cīgām-iz-ē ‘whatever; anywhere; a bit’ (sometimes kadām-iz-ē).
u-t avēšān hend cīgām-iz-ē cāšišnīh ‘These are your teachings whatever [the teaching]’. Y 10.18.
cōn cīgāmiz-ē gyāg kū rasend dast ī jādūgīh āškāragīhā ‘As wherever they come to call the one addicted to sorcery, …’. Vd 1.14.
kē ast ×cīgām-iz-ē (kadām-iz-ē) ped ēn zamīg ‘Whoever is anywhere on this earth. Y 23.3
kvacit̰ aŋ́hå zǝmō: cīgām-iz-ē ped ēn zamīg –harv gyāg rāy guftag. F 26

§ 3.4. kadām

kadām interrogative pronoun, adjective ‘which? what?’ < *ka-tama- (Av. katāma-, Skt. katamá- ‘who or which of many?’, Paz. kadąm).
ud az kadām peyvann ud tōhm ham? … rāh cand u-m dēn kadām? ‘Of what lineage and race am I? … How many are the paths, and which is my Daēnā (‘religion’). CHP 1.
pursīd dānāg ō mēnōg xrad kū: panāh kadām drubušttar? ud dōst kadām veh? ud nāmburdār kadām veh? ud rāmišnayyār kadām veh? ud xvāstag kadām xvaštar? ud rāmišn ī az harv rāmišn frāzdum kadām? ‘The wise asked Mēnōg Xrad: Which refuge is more protective? Which friend is better? Which heir is better? Which companion of enjoyment is better? Which wealth is more pleasant? And which pleasure is above all pleasures?’ MX 14.1-7.
u-m pursīd kū: ēn ruvān ī kadām mardōmān hend? ‘And I asked: Of which people are these souls?’ AVN 37.4.
kadām-ē pārag stānišn u-š tar hannām nihišn. ŠnŠ 17 .14

§ 3.4.1. kadām-iz-ē ‘anything, whichever; anywhere’, see cigām-iz-ē

kē ast cīgām-iz-ē (kadām-iz-ē) ped ēn zamīg ‘Whoever is anywhere on this earth’. Y 23.3 (ke asti kvacit̰ aŋ́hå zǝmō.)

§ 3.4.2. kadām-gyān-z ‘any’
kadām-gyān-z dahišn ‘any creature’, Dk iii, M 197.

kadām-gyān-z kas ‘anyone, whoever’,
pešān pehikārān ī abar dēn kadām-gyān-z kas dādestānumand kirdan ud dā ērangīh pēdāgēnīdan ahlemōg-iz ī vase-ušmurd pādifrāh kirdan nē framūd. Dk iv, M 428
kadām-gyān-z gōhr ‘whatever substance’
tis ī mādayān ēn panz gōhr ud kālbod ud kirrōg ud ātaš ud kadām-gyān-z gōhr. Dk vi, M 484
kadām-gyān-z margumandān ‘all mortals whatsoever’. DD 36.106.

§ 3.5. kadār

kadār interrogative pronoun, adjective ‘which, who?’ < *ka-tara- (Av. katāra‘which of two?’, Skt. katará).
kadār ast dādvar? ‘Who is the judge?’. F 5.
uva: abar harv do kadār. F 2.2
Zardušt guft kū: kadār kār ud kirbag pēš kunum? ‘Zoroaster said: Which [secular and religious] deed shall I perform before [of other deeds]’. RP 8n.1.
kadār pēšag? ‘Which are the professions?’ Y 19. 17

§ 3.5.1. kadār-z-ē

kadār-z-ē ‘each one’ (cf. Av. katarascit̰ ‘each of the two’, Paz. kadārcihə̄ ).
kadār-z-ē az astān [mardōmān] ‘anyone among all those who are [men]’. Y 35.8.
avēšān mardān kadār-z-ē ‘any one whatever of those men’. Dk ix, M 802.
abar haft pahlumīh ī ō Vištāsp šāh mad ēstād <hend> tuvānīgīh kadār-z-ē hudēn abar xvēšēnīdan pāyagīhā ham-pahlumīh. Dk iii, M 36
menišnīg rādīh hān kē kadār-z-ē hamgōhrān rāy nēkīh abāyistan ōn cōn xvēš rāy ‘Liberality of thought: to desire good for whoever is alike, just like for oneself’. ŠGV 1.49.

§ 3.6. xvad

xvad reflexive and emphatic pronoun ‘self’, adv. ‘indeed’ < *hu̯atah (Av. hva- / G xva- reflexive pronoun ‘his, her own’, hvō/ G xvə̄ nom. sg. m., xvahe gen. sg., Av. hava- < *hu̯a-, havahe gen. sg., xvatō adv. ‘by itself, by oneself’, Parth. vxaδ, Paz. xvat̰).

It is sometimes used as a possessive pronoun.

ēv zamān pāy dā an xvad ō tō āyān! ‘Wait a while until I may come to you myself!’.TM 3.
ēk ēn kū, xvad Ahrmen; ēk ēn kū, xvad ast viyābāngar ī dām ‘One is this that he himself is Ahrmen (Satan). One is this that he is himself the seducer of the creatures’. ŠGV 11.274-275.
pas xvad nān xvard ‘Then he himself ate food’. J 4.
xvad gumānīg hum kū rūspīgzādag hē ‘I myself (or, indeed) suspect that thou art a courtesan’s offspring’. DA 45.
abāg mardōmān ī xvad tandrust ud dagrzīvišn ud xvāstag ped abzōn ēdōn bavād cōn az abestāg pēdāg: ka-mān nēk stāyend hāmōyēn gētīg xvaštar ‘May he with his own people be so in good health and long living and with wealth in increase, as is revealed from the Avesta: When they praise us well, the whole (material) world (becomes) more pleasant’. SS 16-17.
duxt-ē kē šūy xvad kuned ‘A girl who marries on her own’. F 2.6.
cē xvad rōšn ‘For it is clear by itself’. VZ 21.4.
u-šān šāhān šāh xvad abāg … ‘and the king of kings himself with …’. N P 29.

The combination xvad … did indicates reciprocation.

hān ī xvad … hān ī did ‘itself … the other’. Dk viii, M 678.
abzār do ēn veh: xvad veh būdan, ud ōy ī did veh kirdan ‘These two tools are better [than others]: to be oneself good, and to do good to the other’. Dk vi, M 589.

§ 3.7. xvēš/ xvēbaš

xvēš/ xvēbaš reflexive, possessive pronoun ‘own, self’ < *hu̯ai̯paθi̯a-, *hu̯aipatii̯ai ‘for oneself’ (OPers. huvaipašiya-, Av. xvaēpaiθya-, Parth. vxēβēh).

xvēšīh ī xvēš rāy ud frazendān ī xvēš rāy (kē nibišt) ‘(he who has written) for his own possession and for the possession of his offsprings’. Dk col., M 950.
ēn haspvar anōšruvān Panāh(-veh) ī Māhdād ašō xvēš ‘This tomb belongs to the immortal-souled Panāh(-veh), son of Māhdād the truthful’. The funerary inscription from Bēšābūr.
kē hum, kē xvēš hum ‘Who am I, to whom do I belong? CHP 1.
ped frahang ō xvēš šāyed kird ‘It can be made one’s own by education’. Y 1.14.
sar ud rōy ī xvēš ‘her head and face’. AVN 64.2.
ped hān ī xvēš … ped hān ī kasān ‘at that of his own … at that of the (other) person’. N 40.
tan hān-z ī xvēš gyān (rendering Av. tanvascīt̰ xvax́ yå uštanǝm ‘to his own breath soul’), Y 13.4.
cf. also MX 15.21.

cf. xvēštan.

§ 3.7.1. xvēštan

xvēš-tan lit. ‘one’s own person’ is sometimes used as a reflexive pronoun (Av. xvaēpaiθe.tanū- f., xvaēpaiθyåsǝ.tanvō).
azǝm bā tē ahmi yum … yā hava daēna xvaēpaiθe.tanvō: an-b tō hem [kū: tō xvēš hem] juvān, … kē-t xvēš dēn ī az hān ī xvēštan. Hn 2.11
xvēštan rāy zan xvad xvāh ‘For yourself seek yourself a woman[’s hand to marriage]’. HAM 42.
ud xvēštan ped xvēšīh ī Ohrmazd ud amehrspendān dāštan ‘To consider oneself belonging to Ahura Mazdā and the Aməṣta Spəṇta (‘holy Immortals’)’. CHP 3.

xvēštan dast ud rōy ped dastšōy ud āb xūb šōyed ‘Wash your hand and face well with a cleansing agent and water’. XvR I.2.
harv rōz abāg xvēštan āmār bē kirdan ‘To reckon every day with oneself’. Hd II 5.

§ 3.8. grīv

grīv ¹‘neck’, ²‘self, soul’ < *grīu̯ā-.

It is occasionally used as a reflexive pronoun (instead of xvēš), and renders Syr. ܢܦܫܐ ‘self, person, soul’ (grīv zīndag ≈ ܢܦܫܐ ܚܝܬܐ ) (gōvišn īg grīv zīndag.TM 95)

bē-m narm kird grīv cōn axšīrag abar mādar, u-m cōn axšīrag abar būd xvēš grīv ‘But I humbled myself as a weaned child towards his mother, my soul was as a weaned child’. Ps 130.2.
agar-š hān margīh nōgēvēnagīh <rāy>, ped xvēš kām, ō grīv pedīrift, ā-š nūn vay ud nifrīn ō ōzanāgān xvandan, avēšān jehūdān ped xēšmenīh dāštan abēcim ‘If he (Jesus) submitted himself, through his will, to death, [for the purpose of] innovating (or, for making available the New Covenant), then it is not now reasonable to invoke woe and curse upon his slayers, and to vent his anger upon the Jews’. ŠGV 15.43-44.

§ 3.8.1. xvēšgrīv

xvēš-grīv ‘one-self’ (Parth. vxēβēh-grīv) ≈ xvēštan

az nūn parrōn xvēš-grīv dēndār mā xvān, ba dēnāvar ī rāst, kē-t hāvend nē ast ‘From now on do not call yourself religious, but true devout, you who have no equal!’. TM 2 I.
u-šān xvad Āz xvēš-grīv andar āmixt ‘And they themselves mixed Greed with their selves’. TM 7981 I.

§ 3.9. kas

kas indefinite pronoun ‘some (one, body)’, kas-iz < *ka-s-cit (Av. kascit̰/ G kascīt̰, OPers. kašciy ‘anybody, any one’, Skt. káś-cit, Parth. kež), with a negative ‘no one, nobody’.

kas is also used as a noun ‘person’.
sust ast kē kas nē dāred ‘Feeble is he who has no one’. Hd III.5.
ka kas videred ‘When someone dies’. ŠnŠ 12.5.
agar ast kas kē az rāh ī yazdān bē ēsted ‘If there be any one who shall stay away from the path of the Yazata’. MX 15.22.
gētīg ped kas bē nē hišt hend ‘They have not left the material world for anybody’. HDM 18.

kas-ē ‘somebody’
ka-š tis-ē ī nēk ped kas-ē dīd, ēgiš grān ud dušvār būd, u- š kāmist kū ped kas-iz mā bavād. Vīr. 32

harv kas ‘every one’
harv-kas rāy guftag. F 26.
kē vistāxīh abāg ruvān ī xvēš kāmed kirdan gōb kū harv kas dōst bāš, xōg vad mā kun! ‘he who wants to have confidence in his own soul, tell him: Be a [true] friend to every person, do not be ill-natured!’. HOD 53.

anī kas ‘somebody else’,
harv cē ped tō nē nēk, tū-iz ped anī kas mā kun! ASS 6. HAM 5
ud zūd zūd sōgand mā xvared ud ō anīz kas sōgand mā dayed. TM 733

ēc kas … nē ‘nobody’ ≈ kas-iz kas … nē,
ēc kas vardēnīdan ud juttar kirdan nē šāyed. MX 8.12
šagr ka andar vēšag az kas-iz kas nē tarsed. HAM 90

kas kas ‘each person, each one’,
kas kas ped xvēš nām. TM 801a

kas-iz/ kas-uz ‘any person, anybody’, with a negative ‘no person, nobody’,
ped kas-iz kas afsōs mā kuned! ‘Do not mock at anybody at all!’. VAM 69.
kas-iz nēst kē … ‘There is no person who …’. Dk vi, M 519.
nūn ka-mān dēn ped stī bē dīd kas-iz agdēnīh bē nē hilem, u-š abar toxšāg toxšem ‘now that we have seen the Religion in person (as a real corpus), we shall no longer let anyone [to be] of evil religion, and we shall exercise greater zeal’. Dk iv, M 413.
šagr ka andar vēšag az kas-iz kas nē tarsed. HAM 90

kas-iz mardōm ‘any man’.
kas-iz mardōm nēst kē … ‘There is no man who …’. Dk vi, M 526.

kasān and xvēš are commonly used as opposites (duxt ī xvēš: duxt ī kasān).
ka-šān duxt ī xvēš bē dād, u-šān pus ī xvēš rāy duxt ī kasān ped zanīh xvāst. VAM 12
nārīg-iz [ped hān ī xvēš] aburnāyag-iz [ped hān ī kasān]. N 40
ud andak āhōg ī xvēš bē virāstan, pas āhōg ī kasān bē guftan. HOD 42

§ 3.10. tis, tis-iz

tis indefinite pronoun ‘some (thing)’, tis-iz ‘anything’ (OPers. ciš-ciy acc. sg. nt. < *cit-cit, Av. ciš nom.-acc. nt. of ci-, kat̰-cit̰, Skt. kác-cit, Parth. ciš, Paz. θis, θiš, Pers. چیز . tis is also used as a noun ‘thing; subject’.

hangōšīdag ī ēn tis nē ēdōn cōn ašmā handēšed ‘The analogy of this subject is not such as you think’. MGA 6
tis ī aziš bōxtan nē šāyed kunišn ī xvēš ‘A thing from which it is impossible to be saved is one’s own action’. HOD 7.
kē tis ō hān mardōmān dayed … ‘He who gives something to those men …’ Bd 183.
tis-ē-m ped frahang gōb kū-m dānāgīh bavād ‘Tell me something for my instruction so that I acquire the [wise] knowledge!’ Y 9.17.

harv tis/ harvtis ‘everything’,
xvēškārīh ud pāduzvānīh azabar ī harv tis. MX 2.92
abāg avēšān ped harvtis bōxt. TM 2 I
ud kāmend harv tis dānistan ud ezvārdan. TM 97

ēc tis ‘anything’, with a negative ‘nothing, no … at all’
nē ēc tis ped hān ēvēnag ‘Not at all!’ MGA 4.

tis-iz/ tis-uz nē/ (/ mā) ‘id’, with a negative ‘nothing, no … at all’
tis-iz tis ānōh nēst. AV 111
ped tis-iz ō mar nē-gīrišnīh. Dk iv, M 428
man ped ašmāh tis-uz nē vinast ‘I have done you no sin’. TM 3
Ahrmen ud višūdagān ī ōy abar dām ī Ohrmazd tis-iz kār nē baved ‘Aṇgra Mainyu and his miscreations will not have any (harmful) effect on the creatures of Ahura Mazdā’ J 19.
kē-šān tis-iz rādīh nē kird ‘(The people) who exercised no liberality whatever’. AVN 89.4.
ud hān ī hazzan ped tis-iz kār nē šāyed ‘And that (door) of the ossuary is not proper to be of any the least use’ ŠnŠ 2.75. ≈ … ped cān-z kār nē šāyed.

ped tis-iz tis … nē (/ mā) ‘in no matter whatsoever’,
ēk dānāg kē dānāgīh ud frazānagīh rāy tis ped tis-iz tis nē dāred ud ranzag nē baved, ēk dušāgāh kē dušāgāhīh rāy tis ped tis-iz tis nē dāred ud ranzag nē baved ‘One, a wise who, on account of his knowledge and wisdom, does not regard a [material] thing as anything whatever, and is not distressed thereby; the other, an ignorant who, on account of his ignorance, does not regard a [material] thing as anything whatever, and is not distressed thereby’. HOD 20.
cašmagāh ped tis-iz tis grav mā nih! ‘Do not in the sight [of other people] put anything at all in pledge!’ HAM 39.
abāg kēnvar mard nibard mā bar, u-š ped tis-iz ēvēnag mā āzār! ‘Do not conflict with a vengeful man, and do not hurt him in any way whatever!’ MX 2.54-55.

ped tis-iz … hambun-z nē ‘not at all’ Dk ix, M 803.

tis tis ‘everything separately, of various things’,
tis tis astīh abar brīdagīhā dā abāg cē abrīdagīhā cand ēvēnag. Dk iv, M 417

an/ anī tis ‘something else’, in a negative ‘nothing else’
kē nē az frārōn toxšāgīh ī xvēš bē az anī tis xvared ōy ēdōn humānāg cōn kē sar ī mardōmān ped dast dāred, ud mazg ī mardōmān xvared. MX 2.49 ud ka asēm ped rōy ayāb pad anī tis āmixtag … TM 9 II
anī tis nēst ‘There is nothing else’. J 8
an(ī) vas tis ‘many other things’.
šahr, draxt, āb, an vas tis. TM 2 I

§ 3.11. căn-z

căn-z < *cána-cit is sometimes used instead of tis-iz (cf. Av. ca- indefinite pronoun ‘any one’, cahyā gen. sg.; Skt. kéna-cit). With a negative: cān-z (tis) … nē (/ mā) ‘nothing whatsoever’.

ēn zamīg anābēdān [kū: ped cān-z kār nē šāyed] ‘This earth is unwanted [that is: it cannot serve any purpose]’. Vd 6.1.
ped cān-z kār nēst ud nē šāyed ‘It is not of any use, and is not proper’. Vd 16.7.

§ 3.12. hambun, hambun-z

hambun, hambun-z ‘a few, a little; any’ from ham < *hama- and bun < *budna-. With a negative: hambun-z nē ‘not even the least, not at all, nothing’ (Paz. hambunica).

nē hān ī rišt [kē rēš hambun-z] ‘Neither an injured one [who has any physical injury at all]. N 56.
ka hambun-z rēš baved xvar nām ‘when it has any injury at all it is called xvara’285. F 25.2.
agar hambun-z nēkīh ast ī jud az anāgīh, ā anāgīh-iz ast ī az nēkīh jud ud vizārdag ‘If there be the least goodness which is distinct from evil, then there will be also the evil which is distinct and separate from goodness’. ŠGV 11.325.
az ēn gōbišn ēn- z pēdāg kū:-š hambun-z dānišn nē būd ‘From these statements, it appears that: He had not a bit of knowledge’. ŠGV 13.135.

§ 3.13. an, anī

an, anī indefinite pronoun, adjective ‘other, another, else’ < *ani̯a- (OPers. aniya-, aniyam acc. sg., aniyahyā gen. sg., Av. ańya-, ainīm/ G ańyə̄ m acc. sg., ańyehe gen. sg., Paz. han, hąnī, cf. Hindi ǝnī ‘other’), also an (Paz. han), anān pl.,

mardōm ī Pārs … mardōm ī anī šahr ‘a man of Persis … a man of another province’. ŠGV 5.18.
cārag ī ēn xīr anī tis nēst bē yazd ped cōnīh šnāxtan ‘The remedy of this matter is nothing else but to know God through His qualities’. ŠGV 10.36.
anī do nibēg ‘two other books’. TM 2 I.
anī sē ‘the other three [people]’. VZ 25.10.
ka ped anī gyāg uštar-ē mard-ē bē ōzaned … ‘When a man slay a camel in another place …’. VAM 15.
ud mādar kē an pus būd ham, bē man enyā anī pus nē būd ‘And the mother that I was her son, had no other child except me’. HKR 6.
pas ōy murd ud xvāstag ō anī kas mānd ‘Then (when) he died, his wealth went to some other(s)’. AVN 89.
anān dāmān Dk ix, M 813

anīz ‘other also; also, too’ (Paz. hanica).
u-m anīz vas dīd pādifrāh ī gōnag gōnag kē-šān ped jādūgān ud bazakkarān kird. Ardā V
avēšān mardōmān ī ped Kangdiz, anīz ped Var ī Jimgird, ud anīz ped Ērānvēz mānend ‘Those people who dwell in the stronghold of Kaŋha , and those other people also in the (covered) shelter made by Yima , and those other people also in the Aryan Expanse (Airyana Vaējah)’. J 7.

anī … (hān ī) anī ‘one … the other’ (OPers. aniya … aniyam, Av. ańyō … ańyō).
dādvar anī [būd urvāxš kū-š vizīr ud dādvarīh kird] ud dādārāstār [kū-š dād ī frārōn bē nihād], hān ī anī abargār ud juvān gēsvar ud gadvar [Kersāsp kū-š kār ped gad vēš kird]. Y 9.19
ō hān ī asar-rōšnīh anī, ud ō hān ī asar-tārīkīh anī. Dk ix, M 796
ud anī ped dēs ud ēvēnag ī man baved, anī nē. TM 733

§ 3.14. ēc

ēc indefinite pronoun, adjective ‘any’ from *ai̯u̯a- (OPers. aiva-, Av. aēva-) and cit (Parth. ēviž, Paz. hə̄c),
ēc kē būd hend, ud ēc kē hend, ud ēc kē az nūn frāz bavend ‘Anyone who has been, anyone who is, and anyone who shall be from now on’. CHP 21.
kē-m … ēc kenīg nēkōgdar … az hān ī tō nē dīd ‘… that I have not seen any damsel more beautiful than you’. AVN 4.10.

also ēv-iz.
pas kālbod ī mardōmān ōn humānāg cōn draxt-ē ka kārend, ud rōyed ud abzāyed ud vaxšed, škennend ud brīnend ud vazēnend ud abar ō ātaš nihend, ud ātaš sōzed ud gugāred, ud vād ī ardā andar ō gēhān afšāned (parganed?), pas bē ō ōy kē kāred ayāb dīd ēv-iz nē dāned kū xvad būd ayāb nē. HDM 4

It is often used as an adjective in negative sentences.

With a negative: ‘not any, not a single, nothing’.

ud nē ped ēc gyāg ud zamānag šāyed guftan kū nēk ud vad az xvēš cōnīh ped xvadīh vardišnīg baved ‘And nowhere and never is it possible to say that good and evil change their own quality essentially’. ŠGV 8.14.
ēc rāy pidar ud mādar mā bēšed ‘Do not hurt your parents at all’. XvR I.8.

ēc kas ‘no one’,
ēc kas nē būd az dānāgān ī hindūgān … VC 35
kē ēc-iš kas āzarm nē ‘He who has favour for no one’. MJF 3.34.

ēc tis ‘nothing’,
nē ēc tis ped hān ēvēnag. MGA 4

ped ēc ēvēnag ‘in no way’.
ped ēc ēvēnag mihrōdruzīh mā kun! HAM 115
ped ēc ēvēnag menīdan nê šāyed ‘In no way is possible to think it’. ŠGV 13.84

ēc bār ‘any time’, with a negative ‘not at all’.
ka ēc bār nē huned, zōhr nē dahišn. N 46

ped ēc abar ēc ‘at any time on any subject’, with a negative ‘on no account’.
rāst hān kē ēranzišn ped ēc abar ēc. Dk iv, M 427
rāstīh hangirdīg ēd baved: nē druxtan ī ped ēc abar ēc. Dk vi, M 531-532

§ 3.15 harv

harv adjective, indefinite pronoun ‘every, each’ < *haru̯a- (OPers. haruva, Av. haurva, Paz. har, cf. Bactr. υαρουγο, υαρογο < *haru̯a-ka), u

dēn and šahr ud šahriyār ud pāygōsbān harv amāh ped bāz ud bannagīh ēstād hend ‘And these many lands, land rulers and district governors, all have become tributary and subject to us’. ŠKZ 4.

harvīn pl.,
ud ped ēn and abēgumān būdan kū: ped jud az sōšyāns ud hān haft kay harvīn kas ōšumand. CHP 15

harv-tis ‘everything’,
gōbišn ī gāhān abar harv tis. Dk viii, M 680
ud kāmend harv tis dānistan ud ezvārdan. TM 97

harv-kas ‘everybody, whoever’,
harv-kas rāy guftag. F 26

harv mardōm ‘each man’,
harv mardōm ka ō dād ī pānzdahsālag rased, ēg-iš ēn and tis bē dānistan abāyed kū … CHP 1

harv cē ‘every thing (that), whatever’,
Valāš ī Aškānān abestāg ud zand cōn abēzagīhā andar āmad ēstād hamōg-iz ī aziš harv cē az vizend ud āšuftagārīh ī Aleksander, ud ēvār ud rōb ī hrōmāyān andar Ērān-šahr pargandagīhā cē nibištag ud cē uzvān-abespārišnīg ped dastvar mānd ēstād andar šahr cōn frāz mad ēstād nigāh dāštan ō šahrīhā āyādgār kirdan framūd. Dk iv, M 412
ud tōzend harv cē-šān vinast. TS 9
nūn harv cē ēn zan kird ud virāst, man-z hāmgōnag niyābag kirdan. TM 45

harv kē ‘any one (who), whoever, whosoever’,
harv kē abāg tō ped xēšm ud kēn raved, aziš dūr bāš! HAM 8

harv gyāg ‘wherever, everywhere’,
harv-gyāg rāy guftag. F 26
ped hanzaman ī sūr harv gyāg kū nišīyeh, ped gyāg ī azabar mā nišīy kū-t az hān gyāg nē āhanzānd ō gyāg ī frōttar nišīyēnānd! HAM 88

harv-āgōz ‘wherever’,
bēz pit murdag ī visp dām harvāgōz kū vindānd, ka murd ayāb ka ōzad, hēb xvarend. TM 5794 II

harv-gāh ‘whenever’,
bāstān ud harv-gāh umēd ō yazdān dār, ud dōst hān gīr ī ped tō sūdumanttar hād! HAM 9

andar harv gāh ‘at any moment’,
andar harv gāh az hān tis kē ērangīh ī ruvān ud dusravīh ī tan būd nē šāyed. Dk vi, M 580

harv zamān ‘anytime, always’,
(ped/ andar) harv zaman zaman ‘at every hour’
Dk vi, M 524.
(ped/ andar) harv gāh ud zamān ‘whenever and always’,
ped harv gāh ud zamān ahlāyīh ud xīr ī gētīg bē abzūd. HHK 1
toxšāgīh hān baved kē andar harv gāh ud zamān hān ī mened ud gōbed ud kuned ka hamzamān viderān baved ēgiš bīm nēst kū-m tis-ē juttar abāyist menīd ud guft ud kird. RP 62.11

harv ka ‘whenever’,
ud hān-z ī az nūn frāz ō dārišn ud xvēšīh rased ī ped bē dādan pādixšāy hum, ped do bahr ē bahr abaxt ō vahmān ī vahmān dād hum, ud ham vahmān ī vahmān rāy abar ham māyag pādixšāy kird-um ēdōn kū harv ka vahmān ayāb kas az vahmān jādag rāy xvāstārīh kuned abēāhōgīhā aviš abespārum, ud pediš spōz ud vistārīh nē kunum. PK I.7

harv kū ‘anywhere’,
ud harv kū vindānd, agar ped vahāg agar ped zīšn ud agar ped dāšin, hēb xvarend. TM 5794 II

harv cōn/ harvcōn ‘from any respect; anyhow’,
harv cōn gōbīhed abēvimand. ŠGV 15.58

harv cand ‘as much as, how much so ever’,
do hend kē harv cand abar ravend xvārdar: hamōzišn frahang abēsūd ud vad mardōm, ud rāh tārīk bīmgēn. HOD 29

harv ēvēnag ‘every kind’ (harv-ēvēnag ‘necessary; indeed’),
hāmōyēn harv ēvēnag vināh. Petit 8.1

harv kār ‘any work, anything’,
day-ped-dēn rōz harv kār kāmeh kirdan kun! Rōznāmag 23

harv rōz ‘each day, every-day; day by day’,
harv rōz abēr fradāg pēš cōn xvaršēd abar āyed, az vistarg abar āxēzed, xvēštan dast ud rōy ped dastšōy ud āb xūb šōyed, ped gāh ō … dibīrestān šaved, ped gyāg ō xvēškārīh ī xvēš ēsted. XvR 1.2-4

harv būd ‘every [thing that] has been’,
Dk iv, M 416.
ud harv cē būd ud bavād. TM 17

harv ēk ‘each one, everyone’,
harv ēk hān ī-tān veh sahed xvāhed dā-tān aviš daham! J 4

harv do ‘both’,
avēšān harv do ‘the two of them’. Bd 102
nē būd ud nē-z baved tis ī nē nēk ayāb vad ayāb gumixtag az harv do. ŠGV 8.100

harv donīn/ donān ‘id.’,
Kirdēr hamkirb avēšān āgenīn harv donān dast grift. KSM 36
hān ī ped dastvar ī šūy bē dahed harv doān (zan ud šūy) ōh baved. RP 39b.3
ud būd hend dušmen ī harv donān tōhmagān. TM 28 I

harv do-šān ‘both of them’,
gōbend harv do-šān: pessann kunem. PK II 1.4

harv sē ‘all three’.
harv sē ped ē-bār. Dk viii, M 710
Dk viii, M 786.
(Parth.) harv hri baγān.TM 42

harv haft ‘all seven’
ēd harv haft. Dk iii, M 368

§ 3.16. visp/ vīsp

visp adjective, indefinite pronoun ‘all, every, entire’ < u̯ispa(Opers. visa-, vispa, Av. vīspa),
vispān pl.

vispān yazdān ī mēnōgān gētīgān. ŠGV 1.4
pid ī vispān ‘the father of all’. ŠGV 15.25
visp “hamāgīh” vizāred ‘visp means totality’. ŠGV 16.70.
hamē dā ō visp renedering Av. vīspāi yavē ‘for a whole lifetime’. Y 40.2.
dēn ī man ād kū ped harv šahr ud ped visp ezvān pēdāg bavād ud ped šahrān dūrān kēšīhād (kišīhād) ‘My religion is so that it will be manifest in every land and in all languages, and it will be taught (extended) in far lands’. TM 5794 I.
u-š āmurzīd ō visp ‘And he had mercy on all’. Ps 98C.

§ 3.17. harvisp

harvisp indefinite pronoun, adjective, ‘all’ dyadic compound *haru̯a-u̯ispa- (Khot. harbiśśa-, Skt. sarvá- viśva- nt. ‘the whole world’),
harvispān pl., harvispīn pl.

u-š xvadāvan rōšn ō harvispān ped drūd kird. TM 454
harvispān mubedān ī Pārs ‘all the Magi of Persia’., DD 44.5
harvispīn zāyišnān ‘all birthes’. MX 49.29

Av. vīspa- is often translated as harvisp.

vīspa: harvisp. F 8
vīspə̄ naēmą: harvisp nēmag. F 3.7

harvisp ped hān bē murnzēnam ‘I shall destroy all by that [means]’. VZ 1.5.
ka pēšī ēsted ēgiš harvisp ōbārend ‘Indeed, if one stands before them, then they all swallow him’. TM 1001+.
cē yazd ī vazurg xvadāy, šahriyār ī vazurg abar harvisp yazdān ‘For the lord is a great god, and a great king above all gods’. Ps 95.3.

§ 3.18. hamag, hamāg, hāmāg, hām°

hamag adjective, indefinite pronoun ‘all, whole’ < *ham-a-ka- (*ham ‘together’, cf. Av. hamaadj. ‘entire’, Parth. hamāg, hāmāg, Khot. hama- ‘all’), also hamāg, hāmāg. Pers. hamāg renders Av. vīspa(For example, vīspō.biš: hamāgbizešk (Bd 151))

ud hamag Parišxvār kōf, Māy, Gurgān, Marv, Harē(v) ‘and all the Parišxvār mountain chain (Alburz), Māh (Media, Μηδία), Gurgān (Ὑρκανία), Marv (Μαργιανή), Harēv (Ἄρεια, Herāt)’. ŠKZ 2
(Parth.) ud hamag Perišxvār kōf, Māδ, Virgān, Marγ, Harēv.
stāyed ō xvadāy, hamag zamīg ‘O praise unto the lord, all the earth’. Ps 98.4.
hamāg kustag ‘all sides’. F 3.1
xvaršēd ī veh kē hamāg gēhān rōšn dāred ‘The good sun that keeps the whole world lit’. MJF 2.
bē tābed ud hamāg tan garm dāred ‘It heats and keeps warm the whole body’. VZ 30.21.
abar hamāg soxan ‘about all topics’. Dk iv, M 429.
avar ped dōšārm, ī hamāg dōšārmīh ‘Come in love, [you] who are [the source of] all love’. TM 28 II.
āfrāh ... ped dast īg Mār Ammō hamōzāg ō hāmāg dēn frestād ‘Teaching … he sent by Mār Ammō the teacher to the whole community’ TM 454.
(cf. also hamāg-dēn name of a ceremony. MX 4.5.)

hamag šahr ‘the whole realm/ land/ world’
N P 13.

hām-šahr,
mardōhm nar ud māyag cē andar hāmšahr zāyed, hān harv āz dēsišn hend. TM 7983 II
TM 7981 II.

hamāg šahr.
TM 482.

§ 3.19. hāmōyēn

hāmōyēn adjective, indefinite pronoun ‘any kind (of); all’ from hām° and *abi-dai̯(a)na- (Armen. hamōrēn adj. ‘whole, entire’, adv. ‘all, totally’, Paz. hamōīn) ≈ harv ēvēnag ‘any kind, all types (of)’.

hāmōyēn harv ēvēnag vināh. Petit 8.1
hāmōyēn dahišn ī gētīg man dād ‘I have created all the creations of the world’. RP 31a.10.
ka-mān nēk stāyend hāmōyēn gētīg xvaštar ‘When they praise us well, the whole world [becomes] more pleasant’. SS 17.
ud xvad būzād ō Ēl aziš hāmōyēn drōv ‘And he himself will save Ēl from all his deceits’. Ps 129.8.
u-š hāmōyēn pediš hamdādestān hend ‘And all of them are of the same opinion’. ŠGV 13.3.
ud Māmūn amīr muminīn frmūd kū hāmōyēn dānāgān ī xvēš ud hān-z ī jehūdagān ud tarsāgān ō pēš xvāst hend ‘Ma'mūn ʾAmir al-Mu'minīn summoned all his learned men and also those of the Jews and the Christians’. MGA 0.

§ 3.20. cand

cand indefinite, interrogative pronoun ‘some; how much, how many?’, adv. < *cī(u̯)ant-am (Av. cvaṇt- adj., cvaṇtǝm acc. sg. m., Parth. cvand, cvend, Sogd. caṁdǝn);

cand tis ‘a few things’. AV 43
nūn cand āyend? ‘how many (people) do come now?’ AZ 65.
kadār ud cand hān druz? ‘Which ones and how many are the lies?’. AV 29.
kārezār ī vazurg cand bār baved? ‘And how many times will there be great battles?’ J 17.
cand az pēšēnīgān … ‘Some of the ancients …’. Dk ix, M 817.

ē-cand/ ēcand/ ēvcand ‘some, a few’ (Paz. ə̄ucaṇd) ≈ ēk cand, yak cand.
vāzag ēcand Ādurbād ī Mahrspendān. VAM
anī abar hambasānīh ī-šān gōbišn, vāzag ēcand ī az dēngird nibēg. ŠGV 12
u-š āvām nē būd, andak nibišt yak cand mahrān, u-š espurr nē frazāft. TM 1

§ 3.20.1. and

and adjective ‘many, much, several; a few’, adv.< *au̯ant-am (Av. avaṇtadj., Parth. avand, avend),

ēn and tis abrōzišn ī xvarrah hend: rādīh ud rāstīh ud xrad ud toxšāgīh ud pākīzagīh ‘These things illuminate (one’s) Fortune: generosity; truth; wisdom; diligence; and cleanliness’. DGO.
ud ēn and šahr ud šāhriyār ud pāygōspān harv amāh ped bāz ud bannagīh ēstād hend ‘And these many lands, land rulers and district governors, all have become tributary and subject to us’. ŠKZ 4. ōy veh kē az mādar nē zāyed, ayāb ka zāyed bē mīred ud nē vēned ēn and vad ud drōšag ī ped hazārag sar ī zarduštān ‘It is better for him who will not be born from his mother, or if born, will die and may not see so much evil and so many marks (of punishment) at the end of the millennium of Zaraθuštra’. J 12.
ēn and sāl kū būd hē, u-t ped ruvān dādestān cē būd, ahlav būd hē ayāb durvand? ‘Where were you these many years? And what was the verdict (given) to your soul? Were you truthful or deceitful?’. Bd 225.

and and ‘little by little’,
and and vazurg ōh baved. Bd 114

and kū ‘as much as’,
and kū dīdan tuvān. F 25.2

and … cand ‘as much/ many as’,
and cand mōy rust ēsted. Vd 9.18
and baved cand ‘It will be so much as’. ŠGV 13.96
u-m gend ōn sahist kū agar hamāg bōy ped haft kišvar zamīg abar ātaš nihānd andar hān tumīgdum dušox and bōy bē nē bavād cand gōš dā vēnīg. Ardā V. 52
cē kē-š ranz ēvāz and baved cand bē bāš ped guftan, hān šaš rōz dagrandīh būd vas dušmānāg, u-š ranz aziš nē sazed būdan ‘For, if his labour were only as much as to say “Thou shalt become!”, then that length of six days was very unlikely, and [so much] toil could not have come to him therefrom’. ŠGV 13.96.

and-cand ‘as much as, however much; equal’,
ud tuvān-dānāgīh and-cand šāyed būd ayāb frāy? Dk iv, M 418
u-š dandān andcand bāzūg ī man. RP 18f.5
cē harv kē andar gētīg and-cand yašt-ē bē kirdan ‘For whosoever is in the world of life should at least perform some Yasna ceremonies’. CHP 33.

ud and ‘and some’,
dvēst ud and sāl. Bd 240

andak ‘few’,
hān xvazārag āhōg … hān andak hunar. Dk iii, M 233-234

andak-ē ‘a little’
ka andak-ē šud … VZ 12.10

andak andak ‘little by little’.
ped avēšān xvadāyān sar <āyed> anāgīh andak andak. J 15

§ 3.21. vahmān, avahmān

vahmān, avahmān ‘so-and-so, a certain one’ adjective, indefinite pronoun < *áu̯aθa-nmān-am (cf. Parth. avănmān, Sogd. tānmān, Khot. tta-tta-nāmana- ‘of a man so-named, so and so’, Pers. بهمان)

vahmān ī vahmānān ‘X son of Y, ὁ δεῖνα τοῦ δεῖνος’.
abāg asāg drūd yazdān-abestāmīgīhā vahmān ī vahmānān nibišt. ĒNN 25
ped rōz vahmān māh vahmān sāl (abar) … ‘On the day X of the month Y in the year Z’. PK II 1.2.
andar māh vahman ī sāl šaš-sad vīst-u-haft ī pas az sāl ī vīst ī ōy bay Yazdegird šāhān šāh Šahriyārān, nab ī ōy bay Husrōg šāhān šāh ī Ohrmazdān frāz nazdist rōz ī day-ped-mihr ka vāzag ī veh ped hanzaman madār būd hend ped pādixšāīhā-zanīh grift ī mard-ē vahmān nām, vahmān ī vahmān pus, vahmān rōstāg, vahmān deh māned, kenīzag ēd vahmān nām, vahmān ī vahmānān pādixšāyīhā-duxt, ham vahmān deh māned ‘In the month Vahman of the year 627 after the year 20 of His Majesty Yazdegird, king of kings, son of Šahriyār, grand-son of His Majesty Husrō, king of kings, son of Ohrmazd, on the eve of the day Day-ped-Mihr, when the good people accompanying the carriage [of the bride and groom] have been coming into the assembly for the taking into entitled wedlock, by a certain man by the name of N1, son of N2, who is the son of N3, who inhabits the district T1, village T2, of the girl by the name of N4, the entitled daughter of N5, son of N6, who inhabits the same village T2’. PK I 1.
ō vahmān vēšag šaved ‘He goes to a certain forest’. VZ 4.18.